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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is catalytic cracking? |
The decomposition of large chain molecules into smaller chains using a heated zeolite catalyst. Occurs in a cat cracker, with temperatures of 500°C and normal atmospheric pressure. |
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What is an equation for catalytic cracking? |
C10H22 → C8H18 + C2H4
Decene → Octane + ethene |
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What is Thermal Cracking?
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Long hydrocarbons are broken up into shorter chains by passing the hydrocarbons through hot metal tubes at 700 – 1000°C, just above normal atmospheric pressure. Steam is present as an inert diluent.
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Write an equation for thermal cracking
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C11H24 → 4C2H4 + C3H6 + H2
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Bromine Water Prac: Aim
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To observe the differences in chemical reactivity between saturated and unsaturated carbon compounds.
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Bromine Water Prac: Risk Assessment - Irritant to eyes, skin and respiratory tract
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Wear safety goggles and lab coat, conduct experiment in the fume cupboard
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Bromine Water Prac: Risk Assessment - Causes environmental degradation
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Do not flush down sink
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Bromine Water Prac: Risk Assessment - Highly flammable
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Conduct experiment in a well-ventilated area, away from naked flames or warm areas, conduct experiment in a fume cupboard
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Describe a process for distinguishing saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons
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1. Measure 3mL of cyclohexane with a measuring cylinder, and place in a small test tube.2. Measure 3mL of cyclohexene with a measuring cylinder, and place in another small test tube 3. Add 5 drops of bromine water to each test tube with a dropper. Mix well. Keep both test tubes away from UV light4. Record colour changes.
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Bromine Water Prac: Results
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The cyclohexene will decolourise the bromine water quickly due to its highly reactive double bond, while the cyclohexane will take longer to do so, due to the lack of the electron rich area.
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State the word equation for bromine water and a unsaturated hydrocarbon
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Cyclohexene + Bromine Water →1,2 – dibromocyclohexane
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State the equation for bromine water and a unsaturated hydrocarbon
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C6H10 (l) + Br2 (aq) → C6H10Br2 (l)
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State the word equation for bromine water and a unsaturated hydrocarbon
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Cyclohexane + Bromine Water → Bromohexane + hydrobromic Acid
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State the word equation for bromine water and a saturated hydrocarbon
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C6H12 (l) + Br2 (aq) → C6H11Br (l) + HBr (aq)
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Bromine Water Prac: Validity Controlled Variable: |
Volume of liquids, size of test tube, UV light conditions, temperature |
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Describe initiation
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This process must occur under high gas pressure, 3000 to 4000 times that of normal air pressure. A peroxide molecule is split forming two oxygen radicals. These radicals then initiate polymerisation by undergoing an addition reaction with an ethylene monomer to form an activated monomer.
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Write an equation for initiation.
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R-O : R-O → R-O. + .O-R
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Describe Activation
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The activated monomer reacts with another monomer to form an activated dimer.
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Describe Propagation
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The activated dimer reacts with another monomer to form an activated trimer, and so on.
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Describe Termination
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The two ends of the polymer are brought together, and reacted with each other to deactivate each other, and complete their respective outer shells. The temperature and air pressure is also lowered.
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Descibe the process of polymerisation of HDPE
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A Ziegler–Natter catalyst and lower temperatures allows more ordered orientation of long, unbranched and aligned polymer chains. This allows for a higher density of chains, increasing the dispersion forces and crystalline areas
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HDPE is harder, stronger and not transparent. Name some uses of HDPE.
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It is used as water pipes, plastic bottle caps
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HDPE is able to be sterilised due to its hardness. Name some uses of HDPE.
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It is used in hospital equipment
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Describe the process of polymerisation of LDPE
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Flexible and transparent due to branched molecules that are further apart, decreasing dispersion forces.
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LDPE is transparent and flexible. Name some uses of LDPE.
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Used as sandwich bags, cling wrap, plastic shopping bags.
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LDPE is a good insulator. Name some uses of HDPE.
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Used as coating on wires
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Name the systematic name of Vinyl Chloride
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Chloroethene
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What is the polymer of chloroethene
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Poly(vinyl chloride)
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Poly(vinyl chloride) is water and flame resistant. Name some uses.
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Underground water pipes, raincoats, suitcases, shower curtains and plumbing
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Poly(vinyl chloride) is resistant to chemical attack. Name some uses.
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Used to package fatty or oily foods
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Poly(vinyl chloride) is hard, inflexible and brittle. Name some uses.
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Used for indoor electrical conduit and credit cards
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Adding a plasticiser to poly(1-vinyl chloride) decreases dispersion forces between chains, making it more flexible. Name some uses.
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Plastic wrap, laboratory tubing, suitcases, bottles, linoleum, tennis court surfaces
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What is the systematic name of Styrene?
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Ethenylbenzene (phenylethene)
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What is the polymer of ethenylbenzene?
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Polystyrene
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What is expanded Polystyrene (EPS)?
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Most commonly used as EPS. Produced from a mixture of 90-95% polystyrene and 5-10% gaseous blowing agent, usually pentane, or CO2. The plastic is expanded into a foam, usually through steam.
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What is extruded Polystyrene (Styrofoam)?
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XPS has voids filled with trapped air, giving it low thermal conductivity.
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EPS is cheap, hard and floats well. Name some uses.
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Surfboards
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EPS has good thermal and sound insulation. Name some uses.
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Hair dryers, clear plastic cups, kitchen appliances
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EPS is the most easily moulded plastic. Name some uses.
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Outer housing of computers, radio knobs inside cars, model planes and cars.
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XPS has low thermal conductivity. Name some uses.
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Construction material, insulated panel building systems, molded packaging material for cushioning fragile equipment
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Validity Independent Variable: |
Type of solution i.e. either cyclohexene or cyclohexane |
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Validity Dependent Variable: |
The solution that decolourised bromine water |
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Account for the increase in research funding for using biomass as a alternative to fossil fuels |
Biomass is made up of long carbon chains such as cellulose, which can be used as an alternative for fuels created by carbon chains extracted from fossil fuels |
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Name the limitations of using biomass |
Fuel created from biomass is a lot more expensive than fuel created from crude oil.
Using biomass requires large amounts of arable land to be used for growing crops to be made into biomass. This may lead to food shortages and land degradation. |
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Why are alternate sources needed (1) |
Fossil fuels are a non-renewable resource, and are going to run out soon. Australia's crude oil will only last around 50 more year, while we only have around 100 years worth of natural gas. |
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Why are alternate sources needed (1) |
Fossil fuels are a non-renewable resource, and are going to run out soon. Australia's crude oil will only last around 50 more year, while we only have around 100 years worth of natural gas. |
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Why are alternate sources needed |
Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases, contributing to human induced global warming |
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Why are alternate sources needed (3) |
Plastics made from crude oil are non-biodegradable. If left in the environment, they may take centuries to decompose, and may be injected by wildlife, killing off many species |
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Why are alternate sources needed (2) |
Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases, contributing to human induced global warming |
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What is a condensation polymer |
A polymer created by monomers that may be the same or different, reacting together in a condensation reaction and eliminating a small molecule such as ammonia or water, while creating a new bond between the monomers. |
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Identify that cellulose has the basic carbon chain structure required for building petrochemicals |
Each glucose unit has 6 carbon atoms joined together, making it a starting molecule for making petrochemicals, such as ethylene, propylene and butene |
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Identify that cellulose has the basic carbon chain structure required for building petrochemicals |
Glucose monomers are joined by a 1-4 beta-glycosidic bond. The bulky CH2OH group is on alternating sides, adjacent to the bond. Elimination of water in condensation polymerisation reduces the number of OH groups, reducing the solubility of the polymer. When chains are laid side by side, they engage in hydrogen bonding, increasing the strength of the product. |
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Discuss the potential of cellulose as a raw material |
Cellulose is renewable, and using waste from food production disposes of waste in a sustainable manner. However, very few organisms are able to decompose cellulose to glucose, and plant waste may be inadequate to replace petrochemicals. |
