Process Of Human Development

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nomothetic

Back 1

relating to or involving abstract, general or universal law

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idiographic

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relating to or dealing with the concrete, individual or unique

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John Locke

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17c, infant's mind blank slate (tabula rasa), parents must educate; acknowledged environmental influences

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Rosseau, Jean-Jacques

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noble savage- children have instinctual knowledge of right/wrong; happiness stressed over sin, rules of good conduct

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quantitative

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continuity view- changes occur gradually over time until target behavior is achieved

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development

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immature skills strengthened/modified into more complex skills;
refinement or improvement of existing knowledge

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qualitative

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discontinuity view- abrupt changes in behavior patterns; qualitatively different from one period of life span to the next through growth

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growth

biophysical domain

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addition of new components/skills

increase in body size by addition of new cells (hyperplastic growth)

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maturation

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process of achieving full or optimal development

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psychodynamic view

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late 19c, people emotional and irrational, unconscious pleasure seeking urges, control learned through societal restrictions

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nomothetic

Back 11

relating to or involving abstract, general or universal law

Front 12

idiographic

Back 12

relating to or dealing with the concrete, individual or unique

Front 13

John Locke

Back 13

17c, infant's mind blank slate (tabula rasa), parents must educate; acknowledged environmental influences

Front 14

Rosseau, Jean-Jacques

Back 14

noble savage- children have instinctual knowledge of right/wrong; happiness stressed over sin, rules of good conduct

Front 15

quantitative

Back 15

continuity view- changes occur gradually over time until target behavior is achieved

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development

Back 16

immature skills strengthened/modified into more complex skills;
refinement or improvement of existing knowledge

Front 17

qualitative

Back 17

discontinuity view- abrupt changes in behavior patterns; qualitatively different from one period of life span to the next through growth

Front 18

growth

biophysical domain

Back 18

addition of new components/skills

increase in body size by addition of new cells (hyperplastic growth)

Front 19

maturation

Back 19

process of achieving full or optimal development

Front 20

psychodynamic view

Back 20

late 19c, people emotional and irrational, unconscious pleasure seeking urges, control learned through societal restrictions

Front 21

nomothetic

Back 21

relating to or involving abstract, general or universal law

Front 22

idiographic

Back 22

relating to or dealing with the concrete, individual or unique

Front 23

John Locke

Back 23

17c, infant's mind blank slate (tabula rasa), parents must educate; acknowledged environmental influences

Front 24

Rosseau, Jean-Jacques

Back 24

noble savage- children have instinctual knowledge of right/wrong; happiness stressed over sin, rules of good conduct

Front 25

quantitative

Back 25

continuity view- changes occur gradually over time until target behavior is achieved

Front 26

development

Back 26

immature skills strengthened/modified into more complex skills;
refinement or improvement of existing knowledge

Front 27

qualitative

Back 27

discontinuity view- abrupt changes in behavior patterns; qualitatively different from one period of life span to the next through growth

Front 28

growth

biophysical domain

Back 28

addition of new components/skills

increase in body size by addition of new cells (hyperplastic growth)

Front 29

maturation

Back 29

process of achieving full or optimal development

Front 30

psychodynamic view

Back 30

late 19c, people emotional and irrational, unconscious pleasure seeking urges, control learned through societal restrictions

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Freud

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maturation occurs w/ instinctual sexual energy (libido) invested in stages, over/under indulgence leads to fixation manifested in adult years

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Erikson

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8 stages of development, each w/ two opposing directions, unsuccessful completion leaves imbalance in next

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Erikson's stages

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infant- trust, toddler- autonomy, preschooler- initiative, school-age- industry, adolescence- identity; young adulthood- intimacy, middle years- generativity and later ego integrity

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organic maturation (OM)

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autogenetic species-typical path, all members follow given "normal expected environment"; individuals have strong self-righting tendencies if env't atypical

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organic maturation cont.

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individuals un/consciously internally organize, integrate, transform to maintain meaningful, adaptive interaction w/ env't

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orthogenesis (OM)

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development as progressive hierarchical integration (nesting) of skills and associations; result- highly developed systems regulate underdeveloped

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equilibration (OM)

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periods of disequilibrium experienced as new skills mastered; temporary instability healthy (occurring less frequently with maturation) facilitating progress toward stability

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Piaget
theory of cognitive development

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basic goal is mastery of env't (external/internal); human nature rational, human knowledge self-created

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Piaget's
stages of cognitive development

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1)schema (thought/s)
2)assimilation (integrate into schema)
3)accommodation (new schema)
4)equilibration (balance btwn 2&30

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Piaget's
four developmental levels

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1)sensorimotor (birth-2)
2)preoperational (2-7)
3)concrete operational (7-11)
4)formal operations (11-15, up)

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Maslow
five hierarchical needs
"third force"

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1)physiological
2)safety and security
3)love and belongingness
4)ego and esteem
5)self-actualization

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humanistic view
"third force"

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distinctively human characteristics of choice, will, creativity, values, and self-realization

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Watson, JB

father of american behaviorism

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classical conditioning: emotions and motor responses can be taught through environmental experiences

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Pavlov

presentation of a neutral stimulus, along with a stimulus of some significance

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conditioned stimulus (CS), unconditioned response (UR), when two become associated, behavioral response to CS is conditioned response (CR)

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association by contiguity

(classical conditioning)

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principle that ideas memories and experiences are linked when one is frequently experienced with the other (an associated reinforcer w/behavior)

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Skinner, BF

operant conditioning
laws of human behavior in terms of stimulus and response

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way to predict and control behavior by correlating person's behavior with what is occurring in their environment (person is a product of past reinforcements)

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skinner;

operant behavior

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those behaviors omitted to obtain a response or reinforcement from the environment or other persons (vs. respondent- elicited by a known specific stimulus)

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Bandura, Albert

social-learning theory

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learning occurs through observation of other individuals, and replication of the model's behavior

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cephalocaudal

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nervous system develops from the brain toward the feet (spinal cord toward extremities)

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gross to fine

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gross motor (large muscle) skill activities proceed fine motor (small muscle) activities, hence simple to complex

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cognitive domain

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all processes involved in interpreting, organizing, storing, coordinating, retrieving, and using stimuli received from internal and external environments
(conscious)

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biophysical

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all tangible aspects of self- the body; concrete physical reality of self-esteem; tool through which other domains are expressed

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affective domain

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internal responses to events; intrapersonal realtionships, self-concept, emotions

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social domain

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external responses to events; interpersonal relationships, social skills

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meiosis

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haploid cell (one half the chromosomes) for the purpose of reproduction (only)

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mitosis

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somatic (body) cell; with cytoplasm and nucleus with duplicated contents, forming two new "daughter" cells; causing an organisms growth (size), repair, and replacement

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gene

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section of chromosome responsible for formation of specific protein, composed of DNA

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DNA

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deoxyribonucleic acid, building block of all life

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zygote

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first week after conception

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morula

germinal stage

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60 hours after fertilization, 12-16 cell stage, solid mass; no change in size, no differentiation (must pass through narrow lumen of fallopian tube)

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blastocyst

germinal stage

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after morula; possesses embryoblast (inner mass becoming embryo), other 99 cells (trophoblast) form support structures (placenta)

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embryonic stage

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2nd - 7th week, embryo established and undergoes rapid cellular differentiation changing it's appearance from mass of cells to distinctly human organism

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placenta

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villi implant in uterine wall; organ of nutrient, oxygen and waste exchanges btwn mother and fetus

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blood-placetal barrier

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mother and baby do not share same blood supply, maintain independent circulatory systems; selective admittance and filtering of substances pass btwn

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chorion

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villi farthest from uterine wall degererate leaving membrane enveloping baby

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amnion

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smooth membrane arising from the ectoderm; secretes amnionic fluid (movement, cushioning, regulates temperature, excretes placental waste)

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endoderm

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becomes primitive gut and associated structures (gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, endocrine glands, auditory and urinary system)