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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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algorithms |
highly complex mathematical formulas that are systematically applied to a data set for digital processing. |
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bit depth |
-representative of the number of shades of gray that can be demonstrated by each pixel. -determined by the manufacturer and is based on the imaging procedures for which the equipment is required. |
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brightness |
the intensity of light that represents the individual pixels in the image on the monitor |
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central ray |
-the center point of the x-ray beam -point of least distortion |
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charged coupled device (ccd) |
-a method of capturing visible light and converting it into an electrical signal for digital imaging systems. -in radiography requires the use of a scintillator to convert the x-ray photons exiting the patient into visible light -cassette-less in design |
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contrast |
the density difference on adjacent areas of a radiographic image |
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contrast resolution |
the ability of an imaging system to distinguish between similar tissues |
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digital archive |
a digital storage and image management system; in essence, a sophisticated computer system for storage of patient files and images |
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contrast resolution |
the ability of an imaging system to distinguish between similar tissues |
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display matrix |
series of boxes that give form to an image |
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display pixel size |
pixel size of the monitor, related to the display matrix |
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edge enhancement |
-the application of specific image processing that alters pixel values in the image to make edges of structures appear more prominent compared with images with less or no edge enhancement. -spatial resolution of the image does not change when edge enhancement is applied. |
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equalization |
-the application of specific image processing that alters the pixel values across the image to present a more uniform image appearance. -the pixel values with high brightness are made to appear less bright |
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exposure indicator (EI) |
a numeric value that is representative of the exposure the image receptor received in digital radiography. |
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exposure latitude |
range of exposure intensities that will produce acceptable image |
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flat panel detector wit thin film transistor (fpd-tft) |
-a method of acquiring radiographic images digitally. -the DR receptor replaces the film-screen system - may be made with amorphous selenium or amorphous silicon with a scintillator.-may be cassette-less or cassette-based |
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hard-copy radiograph |
a film-based radiographic image |
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hospital information system (HIS) |
computer system, designed to support and integrate the operations of the entire hospital |
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image plate (IP) |
with computed radiography, the image plate records the latent images similar to the film in a film-screen casstte used in film-screen imaging systems |
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exposure level |
term used by certain equipment manufacturers to indicate exposure indicator |
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noise |
-random disturbances that obscures or reduces clarity - in a radiographic image this translates into a grainy or mottled appearance of the image |
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photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate receptor |
-a method of aquiring radiographic images digitally -main components: photostimulable phosphor image plate, an image plate reader, and a workstation. -cassette-less or cassette-based |
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pixel |
picture element; an individual component of the image matrix |
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post processing |
changing or enhancing the electronic image so that it can be viewed from a different perspective or its diagnostic quality can be improved |
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radiology information system (RIS) |
-a computer system that supports the operations of radiology dept. -typical functions include: examination order precessing, examination scheduling, patient registration, report archiving, film tracking, and billing. |
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soft-copy radiograph |
a radiographic image viewed on a computer monitor. |
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spatial resolution |
the recorded sharpness of structures on the image; also may be called detail, sharpness, or definition |
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unsharpness |
decreased sharpness or resolution on an image |
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smoothing |
the application of specific image processing to reduce the display of noise in an image. |
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window level |
controls the brightness of a digital image (within a certain range) |
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windowing |
adjustment of the window level and window width (image contrast and brightness) by the user. |
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window width |
controls the range of gray levels of an image (the contrast) |
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workstation |
a computer that serves as a digital post-processing station or an image review station |
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aspiration (mechanical obstruction) |
-most common in small children when foreign objects are swallowed or aspirated into the air passages of the bronchial tree. -in adults, it may occur with food particles, creating coughing and gagging (relieved by heimlich maneuver) -may be evident in the lower airways on frontal and and lateral chest radiographs or AP and lateral radiographs of the upper airway. |
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bronchiectasis |
-irreversible dilation or widening of bronchi or bronchioles that may result from repeated pulmonary infection or obstruction-areas of bronchial walls are destroyed and become chronically inflamed, resulting in increased mucus production causing chronic cough exportation (coughing up sputum).-pus can collect in dilated regions, resulting in an increase in regional radiodensity with less air in these regions (most common in lower lobes) |
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atelectasis |
-condition rather than a disease -collapse of all or a portion of a lung occurs as the result of obstruction of the bronchus or puncture of an air passageway -with less air in the lung than normal, this region appears more radiodense, and may cause the trachea and heart to shift to the affected side |
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bronchitis |
-an acute or chronic condition in which excessive mucus is secreted into the bronchi, causing cough and shortness of breath.-chief cause is cigarette smoking-infectious bronchitis is caused by viruses bacteria-generally involves lower lobes and in severe cases is demonstrated on radiographs by hyperinflation and more dominant lung markings |
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |
form of persistent obstruction of the airways that usually causes difficulty in emptying the lungs of air; it may be caused by emphysema or chronic bronchitis -smoking is a cause, asthma is a from of it -mild cases often not detectable on radiographs |
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cystic fibrosis |
-the most common of inherited diseases -condition in which secretions of heavy mucus cause progressive clogging of bronchi and bronchioles -may be evident on radiographs as increased radiodensities n specific lung regions, along with hyperinflation |
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dyspnea |
-condition of shortness of breath -most common in older persons -generally caused by physical exertion, but may be caused by restrictive or obstructive defects within the lungs or airways -may also be caused by pulmonary edema -PA and lateral chest radiograph commonly taking in effort to make diagnosis |
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emphysema |
-irreversible and chronic lung disease in which air spaces in the alveoli become greatly enlarged as a result of alveolar wall destruction and loss of alveolar elasticity. -air tends not to be expelled during expiration -causes: smoking, and long-term dust inhalation -evident on chest radiographs by increased lung dimensions, barrel chest with depressed and flattened diaphragm obscuring costophrenic angles, and elongated heart shadow -lung fields appear radiolucent, requiring decrease in exposure factors |
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epiglottitis |
-most common in children ages 2-5 -soft tissue lateral of the upper airway may demonstrate edema |
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neoplasm |
-new growth or tumor -may be benign or malignant |
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hamartoma |
-most common benign pulmonary mass -generally found in peripheral regions of the lungs -seen as small radiodense masses with sharp outlines |
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malignant |
-more than 90% start in the bronchi (bronchogenic carcinoma) -less common is alveolar cell carcinoma -smoking is primary cause of about 90% of all lung cancers in men and 70% in women -malignant tumors rarely calcify, radiopague masses are usually benign |
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pleural effusion |
-condition of abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity |
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empyema |
-occurs when the fluid is pus -may be caused by chest wounds, obstruction of bronchi or ruptured lung abscess -may develop when pneumonia or a lung abscess spreads into the pleural space |
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hemothorax |
-occurs when the fluid is blood -common cause of of right sided or bilateral pleural effusion is congestive heart failure-causes of left side pleural effusion include trauma, pulmonary infarct, pancreatitis, and subphrenic abscess |
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pleuisy |
-inflammation (usually caused by a virus or bacteria) of the pleura surrounding the lungs -cause is visceral and parietal pleura rubbing during respiration, resulting in severe pain -frequently follows pneumonia or trauma to the chest-may be demonstrated by pleural effusion-dry pleuisy does not include fluid accumulation and generally not visible on radiographs |
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pneumonia |
inflammation of the lungs that results in accumulation of fluid within certain sections of the lungs, creating increased radiodensities -most common initial diagnostic exam in the PA and lateral erect horizontal beam radiographs -normal exposure factors are used generally |
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aspiration pneumonia |
caused by aspiration of a foreign object or food into the lungs, which irritates bronchi, resulting in edema |
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bronchopneumonia |
bronchitis of both lungs that most commonly caused by streptococcus or staphylococcus bacteria |
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lobar pneumonia |
confined to one or two lobes of the lungs |
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viral (interstitial) pnemonia |
-causes inflammation of the alveoli and connecting lung structures -most commonly is evident as increased radiodenities in the region of the hila |
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pneumothorax |
accumulation of air in the pleural space that causes partial or complete collapse of the lung and results in immediate and severe shortness of breath and chest pain.small pneumothorax can be seen at the apex of the lung |
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pulmonary edema |
-condition of excess fluid within the lung that most frequently is ---caused by a back up in pulmonary circulation commonly associated with congestive heart failure. common cause is coronary artery disease, in which blood flow to the heart is restricted.Seen on radiographs as a diffuse increase in radiodensity in the hilar regions fading toward the periphery of the lung and as increased air-fluid levels with horizontal beam projections in more severe conditions |
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Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) |
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