Procedure Final

Front 1

Radiograph

Back 1

An x-ray film containing an image of an anatomical part of a patient

Front 2

Projection

Back 2

The path of the x-ray beam, from entrance to exit

Front 3

Position

Back 3

A specific body position

Front 4

View

Back 4

Used when discussing the radiograph or image

Front 5

Midsagittal Plane

Back 5

Divides the body into right and left halves

Front 6

Midcoronal

Back 6

The plane that divides the body into front and back

Front 7

Transverse

Back 7

The plane passing through the body at right angles to the midsagittal and midcoronal planes

Front 8

Supine

Back 8

Lying on the back

Front 9

Prone

Back 9

Lying face down

Front 10

Recumbent

Back 10

Lying down in any position

Front 11

Trendelenberg

Back 11

A recumbent position with the body plane tilted so the head is lower then the feet

Front 12

Fowler

Back 12

A recumbent position with the body plane tilted so that the feet are lower then the head

Front 13

Posterior

Back 13

refers to the back half of the patient

Front 14

Anterior

Back 14

refers to the front half of the patient

Front 15

Posterioranterior (PA)

Back 15

Refers to a projection where the CR enters the posterior body surface and exits anterior

Front 16

Anteriorposterior (AP)

Back 16

Refers to a projection where the CR enters the anterior body surface and exits the posterior.

Front 17

Lateral

Back 17

Side view, A true lateral is always 90 degrees from a true AP or PA

Front 18

Oblique

Back 18

A position where the body part is in between an AP and lateral or a PA and lateral

Front 19

Left Posterior Oblique (LPO):

Back 19

left posterior aspect of the body is closest to the film

Front 20

Right Anterior Oblique (RAO):

Back 20

the right anterior aspect of the body is closest to the film.

Front 21

Decubitus

Back 21

Patient is lying down and the CR is horizontal and parallel with the floor

Front 22

Cephalic

Back 22

Toward the head, superior

Front 23

Caudal

Back 23

Away from the head, towards the feet

Front 24

Proximal

Back 24

Near source or beginning

Front 25

Distal

Back 25

Away from the source or beginning

Front 26

Lateral

Back 26

Away from the center

Front 27

Medial

Back 27

Towards the center

Front 28

Flexion

Back 28

Decreasing the angle between two parts

Front 29

Extension

Back 29

Extending or straightening a joint, increasing the angle between to parts.

Front 30

Hyperextension

Back 30

Extending a joint beyond the straight or neutral position

Front 31

Abduction

Back 31

A movement of arm or leg away from the body (lateral movement)

Front 32

Adduction

Back 32

A movement of arm or leg towards the body

Front 33

Eversion

Back 33

An outward movement of the foot at the ankle joint

Front 34

Inversion

Back 34

An inward movement of the foot at the ankle joint

Front 35

Plantar

Back 35

Refers to the sole of the foot

Front 36

Dorsum

Back 36

Refers to the top of the foot

Front 37

Supination

Back 37

A rotation of the hand into the anatomical position

Front 38

Pronation

Back 38

A rotation of the hand into the opposite of the anatomical position

Front 39

Palmar

Back 39

refers to the palm of the hand

Front 40

Radial deviation

Back 40

Rotate hand to the radius

Front 41

Ulnar Deviation

Back 41

Rotate hand to the ulnar

Front 42

Protraction

Back 42

Lengthening of a part

Front 43

Retraction

Back 43

Shortening of a part

Front 44

Vertebral Prominence

Back 44

C7-T1

Front 45

Jugular Notch

Back 45

T2-3

Front 46

Sternal Angle

Back 46

T4-5

Front 47

Xiphoid Process

Back 47

T9-10

Front 48

Inferior Costal Rib Margin

Back 48

L2-3

Front 49

Iliac Crest

Back 49

L 4-5

Front 50

ASIS

Back 50

L5-S1

Front 51

Greater Trochanter

Back 51

distal coccyx

Front 52

Symphysis Pubis

Back 52

I1 inch inf. To distal coccyx

Front 53

Ischial Tuberosity

Back 53

1-2 inches below coccyx

Front 54

IR

Back 54

The device that receives the energy of the x-ray beam and forms the image of the body part being examined

In diagnostic radiology the IR will be one of 4 devices

Front 55

Cassette w/film

Back 55

The film containing the latent image is removed from the cassette and developed in a processor to produce the manifest image

The radiograph is then ready to be viewed on a view box/illuminator

Front 56

CR

Back 56

A cassette holds a phosphorus plate that first stores the image
The plate is then inserted into a reader device.
No darkroom.
The radiographic image is converted to a digital format by the reading device and is viewed on a computer screen.
A hard copy of the image can be printed to film.
The image is stored in digital format

Front 57

DR

Back 57

No bucky tray for a cassette.
A flat panel detector or multiple flat panel detectors are built into the x-ray table.
This detector captures the x-ray image and converts it to a digital image.
Image is immediately displayed on a computer monitor

Front 58

Fluoroscopic Screen

Back 58

X-rays strike the fluoroscopic screen where the image is formed

Transmitted to a television monitor.

This is a “real-time” device in which the part of the body being examined is viewed live on a television screen.

Front 59

SID

Back 59

The SID directly affects the amount of magnification of the body part being examined.
The greater the SID the less the magnification of the body part.

Front 60

SSD

Back 60

The Source to Skin Distance (SSD)
Distance from the X-ray tube to the skin of the patient
Regulated by the National Council on Radiation Protection (NCRP)
States that the SSD shall not be less than 12 inches (30cm) and should not be less than 15 inches (38cm).

Front 61

Collimation of X-ray Beam

Back 61

The x-ray beam must be limited to the area being examined.
Limit the amount of radiation to the patient.
Reducing scatter radiation.
This results in improved detail and an increase in radiographic contrast, or a shorter scale of contrast.

Front 62

Density

Back 62

Amount of blackness on the film

Front 63

Contrast

Back 63

Difference in the density on adjacent areas of a radiographic image

Front 64

Resolution

Back 64

Sharpness of the structures

Front 65

Distortion

Back 65

Misrepresentation of object size or shape on radiograph

Front 66

Superimposition

Back 66

Relationship of size, shape, position and angulation of structures

Front 67

Adjacent Structures:

Back 67

Each anatomic structure is compared to adjacent structures
Reviewed to determine that the structure is properly seen.

Front 68

OD

Back 68

Degree of film blackening:
Films can not be too light or too dark or a diagnosis can be difficult or impossible to make.
If a change in technique is required the factors that control density must be considered
Milliamperage (mA) X Exposure Time (second)=Milliampere-second (mAs)

Front 69

Recorded Detail

Back 69

Ability to visualize small structures. Controlled by: geometry, film, distance, screen, focal spot size, and motion.

Front 70

Contrast

Back 70

The differences in densities between two areas on a radiograph must be sufficient to ensure the radiographic distinction between adjacent structures with different tissue densities.
High contrast or short-scale contrast shows a few density levels
Low contrast or long-scale contrast shows many density levels.
Contrast is controlled by kilovoltage peak (kVp).

Front 71

Magnification

Back 71

Controlled by object-to-image receptor distance (OID)
How far the body part is from the image receptor and the source to image receptor distance (SID)
How far the x-ray tube is away from the image receptor.
All radiographs have some degree of magnification since all parts of the body are 3 dimensional.

Front 72

Shape Distortion

Back 72

Shape distortion is when a bone is projected onto the IR and it appears either longer or shorter than it really is

Distortion is the misrepresentation of the size or shape of any structure.

Front 73

Antiseptics

Back 73

Chemical substances that inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms
May or may not kill the microorganisms.
Alcohol has antiseptic but not disinfectant properties

Front 74

Sterilization

Back 74

Destruction of all microorganisms
Performed by using heat
Steam and/or steam under pressure-(autoclave) or
Chemicals-gas.

Front 75

Why does a pt have a chest x-ray?

Back 75

Screening
Routine admission ( clinically indicated)
Pre-Employment physical
Symptomatic

Front 76

What are the symptoms for a chest x-ray?

Back 76

Fever of Unknown Origin
Smoker of 20 years
Cough
Hemoptysis
Night Sweats
? Metastatic Disease

Front 77

Boney Thorax

Back 77

protective framework

Front 78

Respiratory System

Back 78

lungs & airways

Front 79

Mediastinum

Back 79

Space between the lungs

Front 80

Pleura

Back 80

double walled
chest pathology

Front 81

Laranx

Back 81

Made up of ring like cartilages
Necessary for cough
valsalva maneuver
Prevent aspiration during swallowing

Front 82

Trachea

Back 82

Extends from Larynx
Bifurcates into mainstem Bronchi, T 5-6
Carina
Diseases of the trachea include:
Tracheobronchitis
Tracheomalacia
Tracheal fracture
Airway obstruction
Malignancy
Tracheal collapse

Front 83

Mainstem Bronchi

Back 83

Mainstem BronchiDivide left and right bronchi
RIGHT: wider and shorter, more vertical
Easier to aspirate food or foreign objects
Divides into 3 bronchi
LEFT: smaller, twice as long
Not as vertical
Divides into 2 bronchi

Front 84

Mediastinum

Back 84

Region between the lungs
One lung can collapse without the other
Not covered by pleura
Encases the heart
Multiple Structures pass through

Front 85

PA CHEST

Back 85

14x17 inch cassette
Place lengthwise or crosswise
ID Marker placed above apices
Patient faces chest unit
Midsagittal place of patient centered to midline of upright bucky/cassette
Adjust the height the bucky
Upper border of film is 1 ½ to 2 inches above the patients relaxed shoulders
Chin extended forward
Midsagittal place of patient centered to midline of upright bucky/cassette
Adjust the height the bucky
Upper border of film is 1 ½ to 2 inches above the patients relaxed shoulders
Chin extended forward
Midsagittal place of patient centered to midline of upright bucky/cassette
Adjust the height the bucky
Upper border of film is 1 ½ to 2 inches above the patients relaxed shoulders
Chin extended forward

Front 86

PA CHEST 2

Back 86

Midsagittal place of patient centered to midline of upright bucky/cassette
Adjust the height the bucky
Upper border of film is 1 ½ to 2 inches above the patients relaxed shoulders
Chin extended forward
CR is directed perpendicular to the center of the film

Level of T 7 (inferior angle of scapulae)
Shield should be applied to waist

Shield lies between x-ray tube and patients pelvis

Front 87

What do we see in a PA CHEST XRAY?

Back 87

Air filled trachea
Lungs
The domes of the diaphragm
Heart
Aortic knob
Vascular markings
If enlarged, the thymus or thyroid gland

Front 88

Evaluation Criteria of a PA CHEST

Back 88

Able to see apices to costophrenic angles
No rotation of chest
Sternal ends of clavicle equidistant from the vertebral column
Scapula projected out of lung field
10 Posterior ribs should be seen above diaphragm

Front 89

LATERAL CHEST XRAY

Back 89

14x17 inch
Lengthwise or crosswise
ID Marker should be placed high and above the diaphragm
Not to obstruct anatomical parts
Patient in an erect position
Left side against the film
Reduces magnification of the heart
Midsagittal plane of body is parallel with cassette.
Center the chest to the grid
The midaxillary/midcoronal line will be centered to the midline of the grid
Patients arms over the head

Front 90

LATERAL CHEST XRAY 2

Back 90

Patient can hold an upright bar
IV pole to secure stance
Arms up prevent the soft tissue of the arm overlying the lung
Top of IR 1 ½ to 2 inches above shoulder
CR perpendicular to midline of film
Enters patient level of T7, bottom of scapula
2nd Deep inspiration

Front 91

Whats seen on a LATERAL CHEST

Back 91

Heart
Aorta
Left sided pulmonary vessels
Right lateral shows right pulmonary vessels
Lobes differentiated
Fissures seen between the lobes of the lung

Front 92

Criteria of a LATERAL CHEST

Back 92

Ribs posterior to vertebral column should be overlapping
No lateral rotation of sternum
Patient should not lean forward or backward
Hilum center of film
Demonstrate apices to costophrenic angles

Front 93

AP CHEST

Back 93

14x17 film
ID, marker away from diaphragm
Done supine if ill patient
Patient lies on table or stretcher or bed and the IR placed under patient
Midsagittal plane centered to IR
Top edge cassette 11/2- 2 inches above relaxed shoulders
Try to put patients hand on hips
Moves scapulas out of the way
CR enters 3 inches below jugular notch
2nd full inspiration
Try to do all chests upright!

Front 94

CRITERIA OF A AP CHEST

Back 94

heart looks larger
air level fluids are undefined
8-9 ribs

Front 95

Lateral Decubitus

Back 95

Image Receptor/ Film
14x17 film lengthwise
ID Marker up any away from diaphragm
Patient in a lateral decubitus position
Sponge pad, usually 2 to 3 inches thick
Patient should be on the effective side 5 minutes before taking exposure
Extend arms above head
Bend knees
True lateral position
Anterior or posterior surface of chest in contact with upright grid
CR is directed horizontal through center of cassette
3 inches below jugular notch AP
7th thoracic vertebrae when PA
Film cassette 1 ½ to 2 inches above shoulders
Full inspiration
Fluid is seen when patient lies on affected side
Air is seen when patient lies on the opposite side

Front 96

Criteria for a LATEAL DEVUBITIUS

Back 96

entire lungs
no rotationarms not superimposed over lungs
full inspiration
No rotation
Clavicles equidistant from spine
Apices to bases seen
Film marked indicating decubitus

Front 97

Chest PA Oblique Projection

Back 97

SID 72
Patient faces chest board
LAO or RAO
45 degree oblique
Side of interest normally side farthest away from IR
Top of IR 1 ½ to 2 inches above vertebral prominence
CR is perpendicular to center of IR T-7
Shoulder and breast in contact with IR
For RAO right side against chest board
Patient’s right hand placed on hip
Left arm is elevated
Center chest to film
For a cardiac series LAO Obliques are 55 to 60 degrees