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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the name of the test used to assess a baby after birth, what does each of the letters stand for |
APGAR Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration |
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What should be the normal cord pH and heart rate of a full term baby |
Cord pH = 7.2-7.4 Heart rate = 120bpm |
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What temperature should a baby be cooled to in hypothermia therapy used to treat hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy |
33 degrees for 3 days |
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What are the symptoms of hypoxic ischameic encephalopathy |
Reduced conciousness, Poorly reactive pupils, Marked lower limb clonus - repeated contraction and relaxation of the muscle initiated by reflex 'Floppy' with poor tone |
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What will the EEG of a baby with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy show? |
Supression of brain activity Seizures |
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Which areas of the brain are damaged in hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy |
Basal ganglia and thalami |
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What will be the blood pH of a baby who is suffering from hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy |
The baby will have hypercapnia as it is not able to blow off CO2 leading to metabolic acidosis |
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What are the signs at birth that a baby may have hypoxic ishaemic encephalopathy |
Lack of pulse Lack of breathing Decreased fetal movements |
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If the blood supply is limited which organs remain well perfused |
Brain Heart Adrenals |
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What does encephalopathy in the newborn refer to ? |
Seizures Abnormalities in muscle tone and reflexes Autonomic dysfunction Abnormal neurological function and conciousness level |
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What is the mechanism that causes damage in H-I-Encephalopathy |
Lack of oxygen and glucose causes energy depletion - reduced ATP. Glutamate receptor activation Accumulation of intracellular Ca Free radical formation - NO, superoxide, Fe, H2O2 Lipid peroxidation Oligodendroglial death Apoptosis |
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Describe the process of damage to the brain cells in ischaemia |
Primary damage Reperfusion, resucitation, oxygenation Secondary damage - glutamate release, free radicals, calcium entry, apoptosis, Phosphorus levels normal in the first few hours after resussitation, 12-24 hours progressive decline in PCr/Pi ratio - delayed decline in ATP Secondary neuronal death |
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What are the ways in which hypothermia is neuroprotective |
Decreases cerebral metabolism, decreases energy use, decreases accumulation of excitotoxic amino acids, decreases nitric oxide synthetase activity, decreases free radical activity |
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What are the 2 main types of pathogens that cause infection in term babies |
Group B streptococcus E-coli |
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When is an early onset classified as being? How is it normally aquired |
48-72 hours after birth, normally aquired from birth canal or from the mother, |
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What are some classic early onset infections ? |
Pneumonia, Meningitis |
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What are the symptoms of early onset infection |
Apnea, Tachycardia, CR failure, hypoxia, hypotension, metabolic acidosis, poor perfusion |
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What are the predisposing factors for early onset infection |
Evidence of chorioamniotitis Prolonged labour Prolonged rupture of membranes Low birthweight |
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How would a group B strep infection be treated |
With benzylpenecillin with amikacin or gentamicin |
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Which organisms are usually responsible for a late onset infection of a newborn |
Coagulase-negative staphylococci Staph Aureus |
