Problem Solving

Front 1

Problem

Back 1

A situation in which there is no apparent or immediate routine way of reaching a goal.

Front 2

The structure of a problem (3 pars)

Back 2

1. Goal state --> this is where you want to be...this is the solution to the problem
2. Initial state --> This is where you are now as you face the problem.
3. Set of operations --> you can apply to get from the initial state to the goal state.

Front 3

Well-Defined Problems

Back 3

Problems in which the initial state and the goal state are clearly defined and the possible moves are known (ex: chess)

Front 4

Ill-defined Problems

Back 4

The initial and goal states are not clear..steps aren't clear how to get to goal state

Front 5

Problem Space Theory

Back 5

1. Problem solving is a search within a problem space
2. A problem space is a set of possible choices that face a problem solver @ each step in moving from initial state to goal state

Front 6

Experts (Representation)

Back 6

Experts organise their knowledge in terms of deeper abstract principles

Front 7

Experts (encoding)

Back 7

Experts "chunk" info
Experts are better at meaningful info but not random info

Front 8

Experts (Strategy)

Back 8

Experts tend to employ a forward search: search from initial state to goal state.
Novices tend to employ a backward search from goal state to initial state.

Front 9

ANALOGICAL reasoning

Back 9

A process of comparison, using knowlege of relatively known domain and applying it to another domain.

Front 10

INDUCTIVE reasoning

Back 10

Any thought process that uses our knowlege of specific known instances to draw an inference about unknown instances.

Front 11

Confirmation Bias

Back 11

The predisposition to weigh info in ways consistent with pre-existing beliefs.

Front 12

Deductive Reasoning

Back 12

If the premises are true, then the conclusion cannot be false

Front 13

Valid Conclusion

Back 13

A conclusion that follows from the given premises by the laws of deductive logic.

Front 14

Form Errors

Back 14

Result from errors in the format of the premise-conclusion relationship

Front 15

Content Errors

Back 15

Result when the content of the syllogism is overly influential.