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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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pervasiveness |
widespread, predominance; present or noticeable in every part of a thing or place |
on the ~~ of English gossip; распространенность |
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trait
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characteristic, feature, quality; a particular characteristic that can produce a particular type of behavior |
universal human ~~; особенность, характерная черта |
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maintain |
assert, claim; to state smth strongly to be the case |
...and indeed ~~s that language evolved to allow humans to gossip; утверждать |
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evolve |
to develop gradually, or to cause something or someone to develop gradually |
...and indeed maintains that language ~~d to allow humans to gossip; развиваться |
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substitute |
replacement, exchange; a thing or person that is used instead of another thing or person |
as a ~~ for the physical 'social grooming' of our primate ancestors; |
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network |
social circle; a ~ of social interactions and personal relationships |
human social ~~s; социальный круг |
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focus-group |
a group of people who have been brought together to discuss a particular subject in order to solve a problem or suggest ideas |
when I conducted interviews and ~~ discussions on gossip with English ppl of different ages and social backgrounds; фокус-группа |
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innocuous |
harmless or not offensive; completely harmless |
most of our gossip is fairly ~~; безобидный, безвредный |
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evaluation |
judgment; the making of a judgement about the amount, number, or value of something; assessment |
criticism and ~~s of others account for only 5 per cent of gossip time; оценка |
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naughty |
bad; wicked, badly behaved |
involves a sense of doing something ~~ or forbidden; плохой, дурной, неприличный |
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forbidden |
prohibited; not allowed; banned |
involves a sense of doing something naughty or ~~; запрещенный, недопустимый |
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invasion of privacy |
becoming involved in someone's private life when they do not want you to |
the '~~' involved in gossip is particularly relevant for the reserved and inhibited English; вторжение, вмешательство в личные дела |
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relevant |
appropriate; correct or suitable for a particular purpose; connected with |
the 'invasion of privacy' involved in gossip is particularly ~~ for the reserved and inhibited English; уместный |
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reserved |
restrained, unsociable; ~~ people do not often talk about or show their feelings or thoughts |
the 'invasion of privacy' involved in gossip is particularly relevant for the ~~ and inhibited English; сдержанный |
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inhibited |
hesitant, shy; not confident enough to say or do what you want |
the 'invasion of privacy' involved in gossip is particularly relevant for the reserved and ~~ English; замкнутый, скромный |
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overstate |
exaggerate; express or state too strongly; to describe or explain smth in a way that makes it seem more important or serious than it really is |
It is impossible to ~~ the importance of privacy in English culture.; преувеличивать |
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inform |
suffuse, influence; give an essential or formative principle or quality to |
The importance of privacy ~~s the entire organization of the country; наполнять, сообщать |
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assumption |
belief, supposition; something that you accept as true without question or proof |
The importance of privacy informs the entire organization of the country, from the ~~s on which laws are based, to the buildings...; предположение, гипотеза, допущение |
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disproportionate |
too large or too small in comparison with something else |
a ~~ number of our most influential social rules; непропорциональный, несоразмерный |
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maxim |
a short statement of a general truth, principle, or rule for behaviour |
social rules and ~~s are concerned with the maintenance of privacy; принцип |
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maintenance |
contents, support |
social rules and maxims are concerned with the ~~ of privacy; содержание, поддержка |
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pry |
ask questions, to be inquisitive; to try to find out private facts about a person |
we are taught to mind our business, not to ~~, to keep ourselves to ourselves...; любопытствовать |
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wash your dirty linen in public |
discuss, or allow to be discussed in public, matters that should be kept private |
never to ~~; выносить сор из избы |
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grumble |
to complain about someone or something in an annoyed way |
'Oh, mustn't ~~'; жаловаться, ворчать |
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terminally |
deadly; (of a disease or illness) leading gradually to death |
If you are ~~ ill, it is acceptable to say 'Not bad, considering'.; |
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consider |
believe, suppose; to spend time thinking about a possibility or making a decision |
If you are terminally ill, it is acceptable to say 'Not bad, ~~ing'; полагать, считать |
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inevitable |
unavoidable; certain to happen and unable to be avoided or prevented |
thanks to the ~~ forbidden-fruit effect, we are a nation of curtain-twitchers; неизбежный, неминуемый |
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curtain-twitcher |
a person who likes to watch unobserved what other people are doing |
we are a nation of ~~s, endlessly fascinated by the tabooed private lives of the ‘members of our social setting’; тайно поглядывающий |
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significantly |
considerably, much; in a way that is easy to see or by a large amount |
our privacy rules ~~ enhance the value of gossip; существенно |
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enhance |
to improve the quality, amount, or strength of something |
our privacy rules significantly ~~ the value of gossip |
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commodity |
a valuable quality |
The laws of supply and demand ensure that gossip is a precious social ~~ among the English.; |
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all and sundry |
everyone |
‘Private’ information is not given away lightly or cheaply to ~~, but only to those we know and trust.; всем, кому не лень |
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stand-offish |
distance; behaving in a slightly unfriendly and too formal way |
...foreigners often complain that the English are cold, reserved, unfriendly and ~~.; |
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trivial |
banal, unimportant; having little value or importance |
in England, extracting such apparently ~~ information from a new acquaintance can be like pulling teeth; |
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wince |
shrink, grimace; to show pain suddenly and for a short time in the face, oftenmoving the head back at the same time |
...can be like pulling teeth – every question makes us ~~ and recoil; вздрагивать и морщиться |
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recoil |
jump back; to move back because of fear or disgust (= dislike or disapproval): |
...can be like pulling teeth – every question makes us wince and ~~; отшатнуться, чувствовать отвращение |
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scruple |
A very small amount of something, especially a quality ; feeling that prevents you from doing something that you thinkis morally wrong or makes you uncertain about doing it |
But in addition to our privacy ~~s, we English seem to have a perverse need to make social life difficult for ourselves...; крупица, сомнение, колебание, угрызения совести |
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perverse |
unreasonable; strange and not what most people would expect or enjoy |
...we English seem to have a ~~ need to make social life difficult for ourselves...; необоснованный, неразумный |
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roundabout |
indirect; not in a simple, direct, or quick way |
...etiquette requires us to find a more ~~, indirect way of discovering what people do for a living; обходной, окольный |
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devious |
crooked, indirect; not direct, tricky |
It can be most amusing to listen to the tortured and ~~ lengths to which English people will go...; хитрый, извилистый |
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to go to any lengths |
to try very hard to achieve something |
It can be most amusing to listen to the tortured and devious ~ to which English people will ~...; пойти на всё |
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ascertain |
find out, figure out; to discover something, make sure of |
to ~~ a new acquaintance’s profession without actually asking the forbidden question; узнать, выявить |
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elicit |
obtain, extract; to get or produce something, especially information or a reaction |
A comment about traffic problems ... will elicit the response ‘Oh, yes, it’s a nightmare; получить, извлечь |
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obligingly |
politely, kindly, helpfully; willingly |
The other person ... will usually ~~ answer the unspoken enquiry; любезно, вежливо, услужливо |
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unspoken enquiry |
not verbalized question |
The other person ... will usually obligingly answer the ~~ as well as the spoken one; немой вопрос |
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questioner |
a person who asks a question |
The ~~ is now allowed to make a direct guess; спрашивающий |
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porter |
receptionist, doorman; an employee in charge of the entrance of a large building |
as a first guess – doctor rather than nurse, ~~ or medical student; ресепшионист, портье |
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solicitor |
lawer; a type of lawyer in Britain and Australia who is trained to prepare cases and give advice on legal subjects and can represent people in lower courts |
~~ rather than secretary; юрист |
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explicit |
obvious, apparent, sheer; clear and exact |
an ~~ guess is permitted at this stage; явный |
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interrogative |
quizzical; in the form of a question, or used in questions |
it is best expressed as an ~~ statement, rather than as a direct question; вопросительный |
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enigmatic |
mysterious and impossible to understand completely |
Even if you are shy,.. or trying to be ~~, it is considered very rude to prolong..; загадочный |
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cluedropping |
giving a hint |
It is ...impolite to ignore any obvious ‘~~’ by your new acquaintance; подсказывание |
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honour-bound |
morally obliged to do something; to feel you must do something because it is morally right, even if you do not want to do it |
you are ~~ to hazard a guess: ‘Oh, so – you’re a GP?’; обязан |
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hazard |
to risk doing something, especially making a guess, suggestion, etc.; venture to say smth |
you are honour-bound to ~~ a guess: ‘Oh, so – you’re a GP?’; рискнуть спросить или сказать что-то |
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GP/general practitioner |
therapist; a medical doctor who is trained to provide primary health care to patients of either sex and any age |
you are honour-bound to hazard a guess: ‘Oh, so – you’re a ~~?’; врач общей практики, терапевт |
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accountant |
bookkeeper; someone who keeps or examines the records of money received, paid, and owed by a company or person |
Yes, I am a doctor [or teacher, ~~, IT manager, secretary, etc.]; бухгалтер |
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desperately |
in a way that shows despair; in a way that shows you are frightened and ready to try anything to change a situation |
as you search ~~ for an appropriate comment; в отчаянии |
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modest |
humble, self-effacing, self-deprecating; unassuming or moderate in the estimation of one's abilities or achievements |
and he or she tries to think of smth ~~, amusing, but smhw also impressive; скромный |
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obliquely |
indirectly; said in a way that is not direct, so that the real meaning is not immediately clear |
'Do you live nearby?', or even more ~~ 'Have you come far?'; косвенно, двусмысленно |
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prompting clues |
suggesting or making hints |
the former question is generally used as a roundabout way of ~~ that will provide the answer; подсказывать, делать подсказки |
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reveal |
divulge, disclose, show, discover; to make known or show something that is surprising or that was previously secret |
encourage them to ~~ their marital status; раскрывать, обнародовать, открывать |
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marital status |
the fact of someone being single, married, separated, divorced, or widowed |
encourage them to reveal their ~~; семейное положение |
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out of the blue |
unexpectedly, unpredictably |
asking the children question '~~' would be too obvious; как гром среди ясного неба |
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rudimentary |
basic, elementary, primary, essential, simple and not very well developed |
to elicit this kind of ~~ census-form information; элементарный, зачаточный |
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bandy smth about |
to mention something often, without considering it carefully |
This is 'priveleged' information, not to be ~~ed ~~ indiscriminately.; обсуждать, упоминать, передавать из уст в уста; распространять (слух) |
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indiscriminately |
at random; not showing careful thought or planning, especially so that harm results |
This is 'priveleged' information, not to be bandied about ~~.; без разбора |
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sneer at |
mock, scoff; smile or speak in a contemptuous or mocking manner; to talk about or look at someone or something in an unkind way |
and ~~ the stereotyped Americans; насмехаться, глумиться |
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hysterectomy |
a medical operation to remove part or all of a woman's womb |
Americans who 'tell you about divorce, their ~~(Womb) and their therapist; гистерэктомия |
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therapist |
a person skilled in a particular kind of therapy |
Americans who 'tell you about divorce, their hysterectomy(Womb) and their ~~; терапевт |
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cliché |
platitude, banality; a saying or remark that is very often made and is therefore not original and not interesting |
This ~~...tells us more about the English and our privacy rules; клише |
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taboo on prying |
prohibition of curiosity |
the English privacy rules, esp the ~~, can make life quite difficult; запрет любопытства |
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hapless |
unfortunate, unlucky and usually unhappy |
esp the taboo on prying, can make life quite difficult for the ~~ social researcher whose life-blood data can only be obtained by constant prying; незадачливый, несчастный |
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pull metaphorical teeth |
to gain the information with force |
Many of the findings in this book were discovered the hard way, by ~~; вытягивать информацию |
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sneaky |
unfair, sly; doing things in a secret and unfair way |
trying to find ~~ tricks and stratagems; подлый |
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stratagem |
trick, plan, scheme; a carefully planned way of achieving or dealing with something, often involving a trick |
trying to find sneaky tricks and ~~s; хитрость, уловка |
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intimate |
close friend, confidant; a friend you know very well |
gossip about one's own private doings is reserved for ~~s; близкий друг |
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social bonding |
getting closer with people; the process by which a close emotional relationship is developed |
vital social functions - ~~; clarification of position and status; социальные связи |
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transmission |
the process of passing something from one person or place to another |
~~ of social skills; передача |
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undue |
excessive; to a level that is more than is necessary, acceptable, or reasonable |
without ~~ invasion of privacy; чрезмерный |
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nosy parker |
annoying, curious; an overly inquisitive person |
it also allows ~~anthropologists to formulate their prying questions; человек, который всюду сует свой нос |
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bypass |
go around; to avoid something by going around it; to ignore a rule or official authority |
in such a roundabout manner as to ~~ the privacy rules; обходить, пренебрегать |
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domestic |
belonging or relating to the home, house, or family |
you can discuss the ~~ difficulties of a colleague or neighbour; домашний, бытовой |
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reciprocal |
mutual, common, shared; a ~~ action or arrangement involves 2 ppl or groups of ppl who behave in the same way or agree to help each other and give each other advantages |
the ~~ diclosure strategy; взаимный, ответный, двусторонний |
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resort |
turn to and adopt (a strategy or course of action, especially a disagreeable or undesirable one) so as to resolve a difficult situation |
you will probably have to ~~ to the Reciprocal Disclosure Strategy; прибегать к, обращаться за помощью |
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whereby |
by which way or method |
more or less universal rule ~~ people almost unconsciously try to achieve some degree of symmetry; посредством чего |
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comparably |
to a similar degree; similarly in size, amount, or quality to something else |
to reciprocate with a ~~ personal disclosure; сравнительно |
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escalate |
make more intense, increase; to become or make something become greater or more serious |
you can then gradually ~~ the level of intimacy; повышать, увеличивать, поднимать |
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minor |
light, insignificant, small, slight; having little importance, influence, or effect, especially when compared with other things of the same type |
you would be advised to start with a very ~~, trivial disclosure; незначительный |
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disclosure |
revelation, declaration, announcement; the act of making something known or the fact that is made known |
The Reciprocal ~~ Strategy; раскрытие |
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work up |
to develop an emotional or physical state that you feel strongly, after a period of effort or time |
and ~~, step by step, from this innocuous starting point; обрабатывать |
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starting point |
departure; a place or position where something begins |
and work up, step by step, from this innocuous ~~; отправная точка |
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painstaking |
done with or employing great care and thoroughness |
The Reciprocal Disclosure Strategy is a laborious, ~~ procedure; кропотливый |
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buttoned-up |
reserved and not inclined to reveal information |
to pick the most reserved, ~~ English people you can find; скрытный, замкнутый, сдержанный |
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unbend |
become less reserved, formal, or strict |
and see just how far you can get them ~~ using this technique; расслабляться; делаться менее напряжённым |
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revelation |
a surprising and previously unknown fact, secret; the act of making something known that was secret, or a fact that is made known |
to make up my 'personal ~~s'; откровение |
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disrepute |
disgrace, shame, dishonor; the state of not being trusted or respected |
I'm sorry to bring my profession into ~~ by admitting to such deceptions; дурная слава |
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deception |
misleading; being dishonest; the act of hiding the truth, especially to get an advantage |
I'm sorry to bring my profession into disrepute by admitting to such ~~s; обман, жульничество |
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laborious |
hard, difficult; (especially of a task, process, or journey) requiring considerable effort and time |
The Reciprocal Disclosure Strategy is a ~~, painstaking procedure; трудоемкий |
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reluctant |
unwilling, hesitant, disinclined |
we may discuss in print private matters that we would be |
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divulge |
disclose, reveal |
to ~~ details of one's personal life; разглашать |
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arena |
place |
the much less public ~~ of a small social gathering; арена, место действия |
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vogue |
trend; a fashion or general liking, especially one that is temporary |
the ~~ for confessional journalism and other candid writing; мода, тренд |
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candid |
truthful and straightforward; frank, sincere, genuine |
the vogue for confessional journalism and other ~~ writing; искренний, чистосердечный |
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messy |
(of a situation) confused and difficult to deal with, complex, intricate, tangled, confused |
about her ~~ divorce; неприятный, тяжёлый |
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impertinent |
rude, insolent, impolite |
regarding personal questions from anyone |
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intrusive |
obsessive, tiresome, nosy |
regarding personal questions from anyone |
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soul-barer |
one who tell someone one's secret thoughts and feelings |
you do not ask professional soul-barers to bare their souls; открывающий душу |
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canapé |
a small, thin, salty biscuit or small piece of bread with food such as cheese, fish, or meat on top, that is served with drinks,especially at a party |
to bare their souls over the |
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media |
mass communication |
to cover other ~~ such as television or radio documentaries |
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squeamish |
easily upset or shocked by things that you find unpleasant or that you do not approve of |
The tv documentary about the late John Diamond’s battle with |
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bizarre |
very strange and unusual, odd, weird |
the ~~ phenomenon of an English soul-barer; странный, причудливый |
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coy |
making a pretense of shyness or modesty that is intended to be alluring |
highly revealing book or column, coming over all ~~ and embarrassed; застенчивый, кокетливо умалчивающий |
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refuge |
(a place that gives) protection or shelter from danger, trouble, unhappiness, etc. |
coming over all coy and embarrassed, and taking ~~ in nervous jokes and |
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euphemism |
polite term, indirect term, substitute, alternative |
coming over all coy and embarrassed, and taking refuge in nervous jokes and |
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disinhibition |
freedom of expression |
a subtle yet noticeable difference in degree of |
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score points off/over sb |
to make clever remarks in order to make someone look silly |
to achieve their ‘15 min of fame’, or to ~~, or to make money; одержать верх за чужой счет |
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breach |
when someone breaks a rule, agreement, or law |
those who break the privacy rules (and these are clearly ~~es, not exceptions); нарушение |
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blatant |
shameless, explicit, impudent |
those who break the privacy rules in this ~~ manner are a |
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antics |
bizarre actions, foolish, outrageous, or amusing behaviour |
their ~~ are generally reviled and ridiculed by the rest of the population; выходки |
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reviled |
critisized, hated |
their antics are generally ~~ and ridiculed by the rest of the population; ненавистный
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ridiculed |
mocked |
their antics are generally reviled and ~~ by the rest of the population; высммеянный |
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leisure |
free time |
sport and ~~ have been shown to occupy |
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highbrow |
(of books, plays, etc.) involving serious and complicated or artistic ideas, or (of people) interested in serious and complicated subjects |
to discuss ‘important’ or ‘~~’ subjects such |
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dramatically |
greatly |
increases dramatically, to |
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in terms of content |
used to describe which particular area of a subject you are discussing |
one significant difference, ~~, between male and |
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womenfolk |
the women in a family or society |
while the ~~ gossip in the kitchen; женщины |
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initially |
at first |
males initially claimed that they did not gossip; вначале |
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semantics |
the study of meanings in a language |
more a matter of |
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stigma |
shame; a mark of disgrace |
there is a stigma attached to gossip among English males; клеймо, позор |
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feedback |
response, reaction, comments |
three principal factors involved: the tone rule, |
