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63 Cards in this Set

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- large (<18 cm) roundworm in SI of dog 
- efficient transplacental tx

- large (<18 cm) roundworm in SI of dog


- efficient transplacental tx

Toxocara canis

- specialist (vertical tx)


- thick shell, pitted egg w single cell in feces


- Tx: slow kill to avoid blockage

Toxocara canis life cycle (pups)

- direct (no IH)


- some hypobiotic larvae mobilized by pregnancy: enter liver & lung of fetus and finish TM


- some transmammary tx (rare)



- fate of infected larvae in host depends on age and immune status:


< 3 mo = TM (PPP = 4-5 wk)


3-6 mo = increasing SM


6 mo+ = only SM

Toxocara canis life cycle (dogs)

- bitch infected by ingesting pup feces (thus deworm both)


- ingestion of PH w larvae = short-lived patent infection (no migration)

- fecal oral


- PH prey

Toxocara canis pathogenesis (intestinal phase)

Heavy infections:


- unthriftiness, poor growth, dry skin, dull coat


- painful abdomen = gait & behaviour


- cachexia w high density




Very heavy infections:


- vomit worms/worms in feces


- death prior to patency

- mainly light infections but if it's heavy, it's bad...

Toxocara canis pathogenesis (migration phase)

- lots of migrating larvae = eosinophilic gastroenteritis or lung problems


- dead larvae = focal lesions


- humans = OLM or CLM

- usually non-pathogenic but sometimes (think of where they migrate)...

- large (10 cm) roundworm in SI of cats

- large (10 cm) roundworm in SI of cats

Toxocara cati

- specialist (vertical tx)


- cervical alae (cuticular extension) = arrowhead


- thick-shelled, pitted eggs w single cell in feces

Toxocara cati life cycle

- mainly transmammary tx


- kittens = TM


- cats = SM


- ingestion of PH = short-lived infections in cats

- the other trans tx


- kittens vs cats


- PH prey

Toxocara cati pathogenesis

Moderate burden:


- vomit




Heavy burden (rare):


- unthriftiness, diarrhea

- not as bad as T. canis


- cats vomit for pleasure


- moderate vs heavy burden

- infects both dogs & cats (generalist)

- infects both dogs & cats (generalist)



Toxascaris leonina

- not as common as Toxocara


- same size as T. cati but no cervical alae


- smooth shell, frilly inside


- single cell does not fill egg

Toxascaris leonina life cycle

- direct & simple


- primarily oral tx (no vertical) from egg or PH


- eggs release L3 in gut = MM


- PPP = 2 mo

- generalist


- no TM

Toxascarais leonina pathogenesis

- not as pathogenic as Toxocara


- heavy burdens rare

- heavy-bodied (<50 cm) white roundworm in SI of equids 

- heavy-bodied (<50 cm) white roundworm in SI of equids

Parascaris equorum

- thick sticky protein coat on eggs (VERY HARDY)


- no vertical tx

Parascaris equorum life cycle

- oral tx of infective egg (L3) with feed or water


- L3 penetrates SI, TM via liver and lung in younger equids


- return to SI and grow to adult


- PPP = 10-12 wk

- no vertical tx

Parascaris equorum pathogenesis

Clinical signs in young equids:


- unthrifty, appetite loss


- hypoalbuminemia = decrease oncotic P = edema & swelling


- heavy burden = colic


- TM = coughing, snot

- young vs old animals


- "summer colds"

- heavy-bodied (<50 cm), white roundworm in SI of humans and pigs 

- heavy-bodied (<50 cm), white roundworm in SI of humans and pigs

Ascaris lumbricoides

- thick protein coat on eggs


- most common human helminthic infection


- primarily in tropics/subtropics and areas with poor sanitation


- males smaller

Ascaris lumbricoides life cycle

- oral tx of infective egg


- L3 penetrates SI, TM via liver and lung


- return to SI and grow to adult


- PPP = 6-8 wk

- typical roundworm LC

Ascaris lumbricoides pathogenesis

- can stunt growth in children


- TM = "milk spots" on liver


- heavy = occlude biliary tract, oral expulsion


- lung phase of TM = Loeffler's syndrome

- usually asymptomatic, but migration (GIT, lungs) can cause problems...

- heavy-bodied (<40 cm), white roundworm in SI of pigs (and humans)

- heavy-bodied (<40 cm), white roundworm in SI of pigs (and humans)

Ascaris suum

- males smaller


- thick protein coat on eggs


- similar to Ascaris lumbricoides

Ascaris suum pathogenesis

- "milk spots" on liver (condemn)


- lung phase of TM = pulmonary hemorrhage & edema


- primarily subclinical effects (enteritis = slow growth)

- similar to A. lumbricoides

- heavy-bodied (<10 cm), white roundworm in SI of chickens, pigeons and turkeys

- heavy-bodied (<10 cm), white roundworm in SI of chickens, pigeons and turkeys

Ascaridia galli

- smooth shell egg


- problem for layers and turkeys (not broilers due to short life)

Ascaridia gallum life cycle

- oral tx of infective egg


- L3 hatches, enters SI wall


- L3 molt to L4


- L4 re-enters lumen, molts to adult


- PPP = 30-50 d

- direct LC


- no extra-intestinal migration

Ascaridia gallum pathogenesis

- MM = hemorrhage/diarrhea


- decreased production


- low mortality

- due to intestinal MM

- slender (4-15 mm) roundworm in ceca of chickens, turkeys, etc.   

- slender (4-15 mm) roundworm in ceca of chickens, turkeys, etc.

Heterakis gallinarum

- cecal worm


- thick, smooth egg shell


- true IH for Histomonas meleagridis

Heterakis gallinarum life cycle

- oral tx of infective egg


- larvae hatch, migrate to cecal mucosa


- re-enter lumen, 2 molts to adult


- PPP = 24-30 days

- direct LC


- similar to Ascaridia galli except cecal worm

 - large roundworm (<20 cm) infecting raccoons (and dogs)

- large roundworm (<20 cm) infecting raccoons (and dogs)

Baylisascaris procyonis

- thick smooth shell egg


- short-lived infections in dogs


- zoonotic threat (in PH)

Baylisascaris procyonis significance

Baylisascaris procyonis significance

- zoonotic threat to mammals


- VLM (in brain!) = neuro


- long period for eggs to become infective so clean up raccoon feces

- raccoon latrines can be a problem...


- some fatal cases!

- the more serious human hookworm 

- the more serious human hookworm

Ancyclostoma duodenale

- note the teeth


- common in warm, moist areas


- common infection in humans


- sucks blood (pica = increase tx)

- the less serious human hookworm

- the less serious human hookworm

Necator americanus

- note the plates


- common in warm, moist enviro


- common human infection


- sucks blood (pica = increase tx)



Human hookworm life cycle

- eggs >>>L3 in feces/soil


- filarid L3 penetrates skin


- TM ultimately to SI


- mature to adults, prod eggs


*A. duodenale larvae can undergo SM - transmammary tx*

- infect from the soil


- why A. duodenale is more serious

Human hookworm pathogenesis (caused by adult worm)

- blood loss at attachment site


- Fe-def anemia +/- cardiac complications


- inflamed gut leaks protein = hypoproteinemia = abdominal edema



Human hookworm pathogenesis (caused by larvae)



- "ground itch" during penetration by L3


- respiratory symptoms during pulmonary migration of larvae

- IR mediated symptoms

- stout hookworm in dogs with 3 large pairs of teeth

- stout hookworm in dogs with 3 large pairs of teeth

Ancyclostoma caninum

- bend in body at buccal cavity


- dark red if filled with blood

- thin-shelled, morulated (<70 um) egg in dog feces

- thin-shelled, morulated (<70 um) egg in dog feces

Ancyclostoma caninum

- typical strongylid egg

Ancyclostoma caninum life cycle (dogs...or man)

- direct


- morulated eggs in feces>>>L3


- L3 penetrates dog (or man) skin


- SM, hypobiosis


- reactivate (e.g. in lactation)


- ingestion of L3 = MM (patent)


- penetration vs ingestion


- zoonotic threat (CLM)


- enviro effect


- PPP = 3-4 wk

Ancyclostoma caninum life cycle (puppies)

- transmammary tx


- TM



- PPP = 2.5 wk

Ancyclostoma caninum pathogenesis

- anemia & hypoproteinemia (= edema)


- enteritis (= melena, emaciation)


- acute (50-100 worms) = bleed out before patency

- blood suckers


- heavy loads are fatal

- northern hookworm in dogs and cats with cutting plates

- northern hookworm in dogs and cats with cutting plates

Uncinaria stenocephala

- note the plates and DHs

- thin-shelled, morulated (>70 um) in dog and cat feces

- thin-shelled, morulated (>70 um) in dog and cat feces

Uncinaria stenocephala

- notes size

Uncinaria stenocephala life cycle



- morulated eggs in feces>>>L3


- L3 = hardy, freeze-tolerant


- L3 ingested


- no extra-intestinal migration

- direct


- PPP = 2.5 wk

Uncinaria stenocephala pathogenesis

- anemia & hypoproteinemia


- mild enteritis

- less pathogenic than Ancyclostoma (not as strong a blood sucker)

- lungs of sheep and goats causing alveolar rupture

- lungs of sheep and goats causing alveolar rupture

Muellerius capillaris

- metastrongylid nematode

Muellerius capillaris life cycle

- ingestion of IH (oral tx)


- migrate to alveoli and terminal bronchioles


- L1s shed in feces +/- resp discharge

- indirect


- DH = goats & sheep (ruminants)


- IH = snails & slugs (not PHs)


- PPP = 6-10 wk

Muellerius capillaris pathogenesis

- alveolar rupture


- focal interstitial pneumonia (more serious in goats ~ concurrent infection)


- some granuloma formation


- some areas may calcify

2 species of lungworm infecting domestic and wild canids

Filaroides (hirthi) & Oslerus (osleri) spp.

- F & O


- larvae detected in sputum and via Baermann technique

Filaroides & Oslerus life cycle

- eggs hatch in bronchi & trachea


- L1 (infective) shed in feces


- L1 ingested, TM


- adults in trachea/bronchi (O) or bronchioles/alveoli (F)

- direct


- PPP = 10 wk (O) and 5 wk (F)

Filaroides & Oslerus pathogenesis

- F = usually asymptomatic


- O = nodules, bronchitis or tracheitis from released eggs/larvae + wheezing cough


- heavy burden = dyspnea

- lesions can be seen with bronchoscopy



Baermann technique

Set up: tissue/gauze/funnel/flask


- larvae crawl from fecal mass


- definitive diagnosis based on larval morphology

Used for diagnosing:


- lungworm

True lungworm in deep lung of (outdoor) cats

True lungworm in deep lung of (outdoor) cats

Aelurostrongylus spp.

- requires IH (snail/slug)


- PH = frog, rodent, lizard, bird


- infects small bronchioles/alveoli


- larvae have small bent tail w dorsal spine

Aelurostrongylus life cycle

- larvae passed in feces infect IH


- ingestion of IH


- larvae migrate to lungs


- adults in terminal respiratory tract or lung parenchyma

- indirect


- IH = snail or slug


- PH = frog, rodent, lizard, bird (most common source of infection)


- PPP = 5-6 wk

Aelurostrongylus pathogenesis

- adults, eggs, larvae = focal pneumonia w granulomas


- heavy burden = chronic cough + dyspnea

- diagnosis: larvae in sputum or w Baermann technique

True lungworm in small bronchioles & alveoli of canids & raccoons 

True lungworm in small bronchioles & alveoli of canids & raccoons

Crenosoma spp.

- anterior cuticle has prominent folds (crenations)


- requires molluscan IH


- locally relevant

Crenosoma life cycle

- L1 in feces infect IH


- DH ingests IH w infective L3


- L3 migrates to lungs


- adults in bronchi & bronchioles

- diagnose w Baermann


- PPP = 19 d

- the large, migratory equine bloodworm 

- the large, migratory equine bloodworm

Strongylus vulgaris

- dramatic extra-intestinal migration


- adults feed on cecum and colon


- buccal cavity is deeper than it is wide

Strongylus vulgaris pathogenesis

- developing L4 migrate in the cranial mesenteric arteries for <2 mo


- arteritis & thrombosis at site of development (ileocolic artery and branching arteries)


Strongylus vulgaris clinical signs

- acute arteritis = pyrexia, anorexia, colic, death


- chronic = intermittent colic (impaired blood flow - emboli or inflammatory vasoconstriction +/- nerve damage)


- non-migratory strongyles

- non-migratory strongyles

Cyathostomes

- in equids


- buccal cavity is wider than it is deep

Cyathostomes life cycle

- larvae dev'p in eggs, hatch


- L3 ingested, MM


- hypobiosis in mucosa in some sp., overwinter on pasture in others

- PPP = 5 wk to >20 mo

Cyathostomes pathogenesis (larvae)

- nodules around encysted larvae impedes gut motility = inappetence, poor ADG


- reemergence = inflammation, edema, ulceration (ALC)


- anorexia, wt loss, diarrhea, colic

- primarily due to larval mucosal migrations


- ALC = acute larval cyathostomiosis

Cyathostomes pathogenesis (adults)

- heavy burden = non specific clinical signs (unthriftiness, digestive upsets +/- colic)


- not usually fatal

- clinical w heavy burden only

- strongyle in ruminants and swine

- strongyle in ruminants and swine

Oesophagostomum spp.

- pimply gut worm


- typical life cycle w deep MM


- prominent nodule formed during MM (hypobiosis)

- strongyle infecting trachea of gallinaceous & other birds

- strongyle infecting trachea of gallinaceous & other birds

Syngamus trachea ("gapeworm")

- eggs operculate 2x
- M & F attached in copula ('Y')

- eggs operculate 2x


- M & F attached in copula ('Y')

Syngamus trachea life cycle

- larvae in eggs, soil or PH = infective


- larvae penetrate intestines


- migrate lungs>alveoli>trachea


- attach to mucosa, suck blood & mate

- various infective larval forms


- predilection site is in the name


- PPP = 10 d

Syngamus trachea pathogenesis

Adults in trachea:


- cause gasping, gaping


- increase mucus production


- mild anemia, reduce production


- heavy = asphyxiation = death