Principles Of Nutrition Chapter 17

Front 1

Life expectancy

Back 1

the average number of years lived by people in a given society

Front 2

Life Span

Back 2

the maximum number of years of life attainable by a member of a species

Front 3

longevity

Back 3

long duration of life

Front 4

Quality of Life

Back 4

a person's perceived physical and mental well-being

Front 5

physiological age

Back 5

a person's age as estimated from her or his body's health and probable life expectancy

Front 6

chronological age

Back 6

a person's age in years form his or her date of birth

Front 7

stress

Back 7

any threat to a person's well-being; a demand placed on the body to adapt

Front 8

stressors

Back 8

environmental elements, physical or psychological, that cause stress

Front 9

stress response

Back 9

the body's response to stress, mediated by both nerves and hormones

Front 10

sarcopenia

Back 10

loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and quality

Front 11

dysphagia

Back 11

difficulty in swallowing

Front 12

pressure ulcers

Back 12

damage to the skin and underlying tissues as a result of compression and poor circulation; commonly seen in people who are bedridden or chairbound

Front 13

cataracts

Back 13

thickening of the eye lenses that impair vision an can lead to blindness

Front 14

macular degeneration

Back 14

deterioration to the macular area of the eye that can lead to loss of central vision and eventual blindness

Front 15

macula

Back 15

a small, oval, yellowish region in the center of the retina that provides the sharp straight-ahead vision so critical to reading and driving

Front 16

arthritis

Back 16

inflammation of a joint, usually accompanied by pain, swelling, and structural changes

Front 17

osteoarthritis

Back 17

a painful, degenerative disease of the joints that occurs when the cartilage in a joint deteriorates; joint structure is damaged, with loss of function

Front 18

degenerative arthritis

Back 18

another name for osteoarthritis

Front 19

rheumatoid arthritis

Back 19

a disease of the immune system involving painful inflammation of the joints and related structures

Front 20

gout

Back 20

a common form of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints

Front 21

purines

Back 21

compounds of nitrogen-containing bases such as adenin, guanin, and caffeine

Front 22

endogenous

Back 22

originate from the body

Front 23

exogenous

Back 23

derived from foods or outside the body

Front 24

neurons

Back 24

nerve cells; the structural and functional units of the nervous system; they conduct nerve impulse transmissions

Front 25

senile dementia

Back 25

the loss of brain function beyond the normal loss of physical adeptness and memory that occurs with aging

Front 26

Alzheimer's disease

Back 26

a degenerative disease of the brain involving memory loss and major structural changes in neuron networks

Front 27

senile plaques

Back 27

clumps of the protein fragments beta-amyloid on the nerve cells, commonly found in the brains of people with Alzheimer's dementia

Front 28

neurofibrillary tangles

Back 28

snarls of the threadlike strands that extend from the nerve cells, commonly found in the brains of people with Alzheimer's dementia

Front 29

congregate meals

Back 29

nutrition programs that provide food for the elderly in conveniently located settings such as community centers

Front 30

Meals on Wheels

Back 30

a nutrition program that delivers food for the elderly to their home

Front 31

What 6 lifestyle behaviors have the greatest influence on people's health and physiological age?

Back 31

1) sleeping regularly and adequately
2) eating well-balanced meals, including breakfast, regularly
3) engaging in physical activity regularly
4) not smoking
5) not using alcohol, or using it in moderation
6) maintaining a healthy body weight

Front 32

What physiological changes occur in older adults that influence their nutrition status?

Back 32

1) body weight - too high or too low
2) body composition - loss of bone and muscle, gain of fat
3) immune system - declines with age
4) GI tract - loses strength and elasticity with age, hormone secretions change, slow motility
5) tooth loss
6) sensory losses and other physical problems

Front 33

What changes besides physiological changes occur in older adults that influence their nutrition status?

Back 33

1) psychological changes - depression
2) economic changes
3) social changes - living alone, living in hospitals or nursing home

Front 34

What are some consequences of atrophic gastritis?

Back 34

1) inflamed stomach
2) increased bacterial growth
3) reduced hydrochloric acid
4) reduced intrinsic factor
5) increased risk of nutrient deficiencies, notably Vit B12

Front 35

Edentulous

Back 35

lack of teeth

Front 36

What conditions require dental care?

Back 36

1) Dry mouth
2) Eating difficulty
3) No dental care within two years
4) Tooth or mouth pain
5) Altered food selections
6) lesions, sores, or lumps in mouth

Front 37

Why is dehydration common in older adults?

Back 37

1) total body water decreases with age so even mild stresses such as fever or hot weather can result in dehydration
2) do not seem to feel thirsty or notice mouth dryness
3) difficult and bothersome to get a drink or to get to a bathroom

Front 38

On average, how much do energy needs decrease as people age?

Back 38

5% decrease per decade

Front 39

Why do energy needs decrease as people age?

Back 39

1) reduced physical activity
2) declining basal metabolic rate

Front 40

Atrophic gastritis

Back 40

a chronic inflammation of the stomach characterized by inadequate hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor - two key players in Vit B12 absorption

Front 41

Which vitamins and minerals deficiencies commonly occur as people age?

Back 41

1) vitamin B12
2) Vitamin D
3) Calcium
4) iron

Front 42

Why are older people at risk for iron deficiency?

Back 42

1) chronic blood loss from diseases and medicines
2) poor iron absorption due to reduced stomach acid secretion

Front 43

What can adults do nutritionally to reduce their risk of developing cataracts and to slow their progression?

Back 43

1) consume adequate Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and carotenoids
2) maintain a healthy weight (obesity is linked to cataracts)

Front 44

What can adults do nutritionally to reduce their risk of developing macular degeneration and to slow its progression?

Back 44

1) consume adequate Vitamin C, Vitamin E, caratoenoids, and Zinc
2) consume a diet low in fat, but adequate in Omega-3 fatty acids

Front 45

What are the risk factors for developing osteoarthritis?

Back 45

1) Age
2) Smoking
3) High BMI at age 40
4) Lack of hormone therapy (in women)

Front 46

What can adults do to reduce their risk of developing osteoarthritis and relieve its symptoms?

Back 46

1) maintain a healthy weight
2) weight bearing and aerobic physical exercise

Front 47

What can adults do nutritionally to help with symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and reduce joint inflammation?

Back 47

1) consume adequate Omega-3 fatty acids
2) consume a diet low in saturate fats
3) consume antioxidant Vitamins C and E and carotenoids

Front 48

What can adults to nutritionally to help with gout symptoms?

Back 48

1) reduce intake of meat and seafood rich in purines
2) consume milk products to lower uric acid levels

Front 49

What are the common signs of dementia?

Back 49

1) agitated behavior
2) becoming lost in familiar surroundings or circumstances
3) confusion
4) delusions
5) loss of interest in daily activities
6) loss of memory
7) loss of problem-solving skills
8) unclear thinking

Front 50

How does the brain change as we age?

Back 50

1) blood supply decreases
2) number of neurons decreases
3) dependent on where the neurons are lost, this affects hearing, speech, memory, cognitive function, balance, and posture

Front 51

What are the risk factor for malnutrition in older adults?

Back 51

1) Disease
2) Eating poorly
3) Tooth loss or mouth pain
4) Economic hardship
5) Reduced social contact
6) Multiple medications
7) Involuntary weight loss or gain
8) Needs assistance
9) Elderly person

Front 52

Life expectancy in the US is about:

Back 52

81 years for white women
76 years for black women
75 years for white men
69 years for black men

Front 53

Men or Women that live to reach age 80 can expect to live how many more years?

Back 53

women - 9 years
men - 7 years

Front 54

What is the current potential human life span?

Back 54

130 years

Front 55

Rats live the longest when given diets that:

Back 55

restrict their energy intakes

Front 56

The Elderly Nutrition Program is available to:

Back 56

all people 60 years and older