Principles Of Learning And Memory Exam 3

Front 1

Accidental reinforcement

Back 1

a particular reinforcement delivery happens to coincide with a particular response, even though that response was not responsible for the reinforce presentation. Lucky glove or spandex for a game.

Front 2

Appetitive stiumulus

Back 2

a pleasant or satisfying stimulus that can be used to positively reinforce an instrumental response

Front 3

Aversive stimulus

Back 3

a unpleasant or unsatisfying stimulus that can be used punish an instrumental response

Front 4

Avoidance

Back 4

Instrumental conditioning procedure in which the instrumental response prevents the delivery of an aversive stimulus. (Ex: I stay out with my friends in order to avoid doing my homework)

Front 5

Belongingness

Back 5

Proposed by Thorndike, based on evolutionary history of the organism, that certain responses fit or belong with certain reinforcers . Facilitator of learning. (Ex: Visual stimuli are better paired to elicit a response with food than auditory stimuli that are paired with food)

Front 6

Contiguity

Back 6

The occurrence of two events, such as a repsonse and reinforcer, very close together in time.

Front 7

Differential reinforcement of other behavior

Back 7

Instrumental conditioning procedure in which a positive reinforcer is periodically delivered, but only if the participant does something other than the target reesponse

Front 8

Discrete-trial procedure

Back 8

Instrumental conditioning procedure in which the participant can perform the instrumental response only during specified periods

Front 9

Escape

Back 9

Instrumental conditioning procedure in which the instrumental response terminates an aversive stimulus. (Ex. If I eat my vegatables, I will be excused from doing the dishes)

Front 10

Free-Operant procedure

Back 10

Method of instrumental conditioning that permits repeated performance of the instrumental response without intervention by the experimenter

Front 11

Instinctive Drift

Back 11

gradual drift of instrumental behavior away from the required response for reinforcement and toward more instinctual behavior.

Front 12

Instrumental conditioning

Back 12

An activity that occurs because it is effective in producing a particular consequence or reinforcer

Front 13

Interim response

Back 13

Reponse that increases in frequency after the delivery of a response and decreases as the time for the next reinforcer approaches

Front 14

Law of effect

Back 14

Rule of instrumental behavior that states presence of a stimulus is followed by satisfying event, association strengthened. Vice-versa

Front 15

Learned-helplessness effect

Back 15

Interference with the learning of new instrumental responses as a result of exposure to inescapable and unavoidable aversive stimulus.

Front 16

Learned-helplessness hypothesis

Back 16

During the exposure period to the aversive stimulus, participants learn that their behavior does not control environmental events. This reduces motivation to respond and disrupts instrumental conditioning

Front 17

Magazine Training

Back 17

preliminary stage of instrumental conditioning in which a stimulus is repeatedly paired with the reinforcer to enable the participant to learn to and get the reinforcer whin it is presented. (use a food-delivery device to train an animal to learn to go to a food cup when food is delivered.)

Front 18

Negative contrast

Back 18

less responding for a less desired or small reinforcer following previous experience

Front 19

Negative reinforcement

Back 19

instrumental conditioning procedure between the instrumental response procedure in which there is a negative contingency between the instrumental response is performed, the aversive is terminated, not performed the aversive is presented.

Front 20

Omission Training

Back 20

instrumental conditioning procedure in which the instrumental response prevents the delivery of a reinforcing stimulus. (I partied to hard and made the house a mess, now my parents are not going to help me buy a car)

Front 21

Operant response

Back 21

a response that is defined by the effect it produces in the environment. (pressing a lever and opening a door. Any sequence of movement constitutes an instance that is operant.

Front 22

Positive contrast

Back 22

greater response for a favorable or large reinforcer following previous experience with a less desire or small reinforcer.

Front 23

Postivite reinforcement

Back 23

instrumental conditioning procedure in which there is a positive contingency between the instrumental response and a reinforcing stimulus. (perform the response, receive reinforcement, if not, receive nothing.

Front 24

Punishment

Back 24

instrument conditioning procedure in which there is a positive contingency between the response and the aversive stimulus. (perform the reposne, receive aversive stimulus, does not, do not receive.)

Front 25

Response-Reinforcer contingency

Back 25

relation of a response to a reinforcer defined in terms of the probability of getting reinforced for make the response as compared to the probability of getting reinforced in the absence of the response.

Front 26

Running speed

Back 26

how fast an animal moves down a runway

Front 27

shaping

Back 27

Reinforcement successive approximations to a desired instrumental response.

Front 28

Superstitious Behavior

Back 28

Behavior that increases in frequency because of accidental pairings of the delivery of a reinforcer with occurrences of the behavior.

Front 29

Temporal Relation

Back 29

The time interval between an instrumental response and the reinforcer.

Front 30

Terminal response

Back 30

A response that is most likely at the end of the interval between successive reinforcements that are presented at fixed intervals

Front 31

Concurrent – chain schedule of reinforcement

Back 31

Procedure in which the participant is permitted to choose during the first link which of several simple reinforcement schedules will be in effect in the second link. Once a choice has been made, the rejected alternatives become unavailable until the start of the next trial

Front 32

Concurrent schedule

Back 32

procedure in which the participant can choose any one of two or more simple reinforcement schedules that are available simultaneously. Concurrent schedules allow for the measurement of direct choice between simple schedule alternatives

Front 33

Continuous Reinforcement (CRF

Back 33

Schedule of reinforcement in which the every occurrence of the instrumental response produces the reinforcer. Fr-1

Front 34

Fixed-Interval scallop

Back 34

The gradually increasing rate of responding that occurs between successive reinforcements on a fixed-interval schedule (Microwave)

Front 35

Rixed-Interval Ratio (FI)

Back 35

Reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after a fixed amount of time following the last reinforcer or the beginning of the trial

Front 36

Fixed-ratio schedule (FR)

Back 36

6. Fixed-ratio schedule (FR) – A reinforcement schedule in which a fixed number of responses must occur in order for the next response to be reinforced.

Front 37

Intermittent reinforcement –

Back 37

7. Intermittent reinforcement – A schedule of reinforcement in which only some of the occurrences of the instrumental response are reinforced. The instruntal response is reinforced occasionally, or intermittently. Partial reinforcement.

Front 38

Inter-response time (IRT)

Back 38

The interval between one response and the next. IRT’s can be differentially reinforced in the same fashion as other aspects of behavior, such as response force or variability.

Front 39

Interval schedule

Back 39

A reinforcement schedule in which a response is reinforced only if it occurs after a set amount of time following the last reinforcer or start of the trial.

Front 40

Matching law

Back 40

R.J. Herrnstein, A rule for instrumental behavior which states that the relative rate of responding on a particular response alternative equals the relative rate of reinforcement for the response alternative.

Front 41

Post-reinforcement pause (PRP)

Back 41

A pause in responding that typically occurs after the delivery of the reinforcer on fixed-ratio and fixed-interval schedules of reinforcement

Front 42

Ratio run

Back 42

The high and invariant rate of resonding observed after the postreinforcment pause on fixed-ratio schedules. The ratio run ends when the necessary number of responses have been performed, and the participant is reninforced.

Front 43

Ratio schedule

Back 43

A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement depends only on the number of responses the participant performs, irrespective of when those responses occur.

Front 44

Ratio strain

Back 44

disruption of resonding that occurs when a fixed-ratio reponse requirement is INCREASED TOO RAPIDLY. (Start at 1, then 5, then 20)

Front 45

Response-rate schedule

Back 45

a reinforcement schedule in which a response is reinforced depending on how soon that response is made after the previous occurrence of the behavior.

Front 46

Schedule of reinforcement

Back 46

A program, or rule, that determines how and when the occurrence of a response will be followed will be followed by the delivery of the reinforcer.

Front 47

Undermatching

Back 47

Less sensitivity to the relative rate of reinforcement than predicted by the matching law.

Front 48

Variable-Interval schedule (VI)

Back 48

A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is provided for the first response that occurs after a variable amount of time from the last reinforcer or the start of the trial.

Front 49

Variable-ratio schedule (VR)

Back 49

A reinforcement schedule in which the number of responses necessary to produce reinforcement varies from trial to trial. The value of the schedule refers to the average number of responses needed for reinforcement.