Principles Of Infectious Disease

Front 1

pathology

Back 1

study of disease

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etiology

Back 2

stody of the cause of a disease

Front 3

pathogenesis

Back 3

development of disease

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infection

Back 4

colonization of the body by pathogens

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disease

Back 5

an abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally

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transient microbiota

Back 6

may be present for days weeks or months

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normal microbiota

Back 7

permanently colonize the host

Front 8

normal microbiota located

Back 8

nose throat eyes mouth skin LGI urinary and reproductive sys

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normal microbiota protect host by

Back 9

occupy niches that pathogens might occupy
producing acids
producing bacteriocins

Front 10

microbial antagonism

Back 10

is a competition b/w microbes

Front 11

probiotic

Back 11

live microbes applied to or ingested into body, intended to exert a beneficial effect

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symbiosis

Back 12

relationship b/w normal microbiota and host

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commensalism

Back 13

one organism benefits, other is unaffected

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mutualism

Back 14

both organisms benefit

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parasitism

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one organism benefits at the expense of the other

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opportunistic pathogen

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ordinarily do not cause disease in their normal habitat in a healthy person but may do so in a different environment

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koch's postulates

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used to prove cause of infectious disease
1. same pathogen present in every case
2. isolated and grown in pure culture
3. cause disease when inoculated into healthy animal
4. pathogen isolated from incoulated animal and shown to be original pathogen

Front 18

Koch's exceptions

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HIV
virus
uncurable pathogens
ethical considerations
diseases caused by 1+ pathogen
pathogens ignored as potential causes of disease
pathogens that cause disease in humans only
pathogens that cause several disease conditions

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symptom

Back 19

chang ein body function that is felt by pt as a result of disease

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sign

Back 20

change in body that can be measured or observed as result of disease

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syndrome

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specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

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communicable disease

Back 22

disease that is spread from one host to another

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contagious disease

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disease that is easily spread from one host to another

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non-communicable disease

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disease that is not transmitted from one host to another

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incidence

Back 25

fraction of population that contracts a disease during a specific time

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prevalence

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fraction of population having a specific disease at a given time

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sporadic disease

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disease that occurs occasionally in a population

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endemic disease

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disease constantly present in a population

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epidemic disease

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disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time

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pandemic disease

Back 30

worldwide epidemic

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herd immunity

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immunity in most of a population

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acute disease

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symptoms develop rapidly

Front 33

chronic disease

Back 33

disease develops slowly

Front 34

sub-acute disease

Back 34

symptoms b/w acute and chronic

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latent disease

Back 35

disease w periods of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive

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local infection

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pathogens are limited to small area of body

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systemic infection

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infection throughout the body

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focal infection

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systemic infection that began as a local infection

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sepsis

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toxic infammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins from focus of infection

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bacteremia

Back 40

bacteria in blood

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septicemia

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growth of bacteria in blood

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toxemia

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toxins in blood

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viremia

Back 43

viruses in blood

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primary infection

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acute infection that cuses initial illness

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secondary infection

Back 45

opportunistic infection after a primary infection

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subclinical disease

Back 46

no noticable signs or symptoms

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predisposing factors to disease

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short urethra in females
inherited traits
climate/weather
fatigue
age
lifestyle
chemotherapy
stress
occupation

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stages of disease

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incubation period
prodromal period
period of illness
period of decline
period of convalescence

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incubation period

Back 49

period b/w initial infection and first appearance of signs or symptoms

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prodromal period

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early mild symptoms of some illnesses
ache and malaise

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period of illness

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disease most severe
overt signs/symptoms
wbc count low/high
pt dies if not overcome

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period of decline

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signs and symptoms subside
vulnerable to secondary infections

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period of convalescence

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regain strength and return to pre-disease state
can spread disease

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reservoir of infection

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animal
human carrier
non-living

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transmission of disease

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contact
vehicle
vector

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contact

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spread of agent of disease by direct, indirect or droplet transmission

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direct contact

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requires close association b/w infected and susceptible host
hard to determine

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indirect contact

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spread by fomites, tissues, towels, equipment

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droplet

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airborne droplets
travel short distances

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vehicle

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transmission of disease agent via inanimate water, food, air, blood, fluid

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vector

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animals that cary pathogens from one host to another
arthropods most common: fleas, ticks, mosquitoes

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mechanical transmission by vector

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arthropod carries pathogen on feet
passive

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biological transmission

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pathogen reproduces in vector
active process:
bites infected animal and ingests blood
pathogen reproduced in vector
increase #
defecate while biting host & parasite enters wound

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nosocomial infection

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acquired at hospital
5-15% pts

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direct contact nosocomial infection

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hospital staff - patient
patient - patient

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indirect contact nosocomial infection

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ventilation sys
fomites

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portals of entry

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skin, mucous membranes, placenta, parenteral route (break in skin/puncture)

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morbidity

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incidence of specific notifiable disease

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mortality

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death from notifiable disease

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morbidity rate

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number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given period of time

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mortality rate

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number of deaths from disease in relation to the population in a given time

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compromised host

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one whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy or burns, broken skin or syppressed immune system

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movement of pathogen out of host

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ear wax
blood
flakes of skin
feces
semen /lubricating secretions
tears
snot
saliva, sputum
breast milk, secretions
vaginal secretions and blood
urine