Principles Of Human Anatomy From Chapters 1 - 3

Front 1

6 Levels of Body Organization

Back 1

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organism

Front 2

Describe the CHEMICAL Level of the Body Organization

Back 2

Made up of atoms and molecules. 2 or more atmos joined together.

Front 3

Describe the CELLULAR Level of the Body Organization

Back 3

Structural and functional units of an organism.

Front 4

Describe the TISSUE Level of the Body Organization

Back 4

Groups of cells and material surrounding the cells. Perform a specific function.

Front 5

Describe the ORGAN Level of the Body Organization

Back 5

Two or more tissues joined together to perform a specific function.

Front 6

Describe the SYSTEM Level of the Body Organization

Back 6

Consists of related organs that have a common function.

Front 7

Describe the ORGANISM Level of the Body Organization

Back 7

Any living individual - all parts of the body functioning together.

Front 8

Name the 11 systems of the human body.

Back 8

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, lymphatic/immune, nervous, endocrine, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive.

Front 9

Components of the INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM.

Back 9

Hair, skin, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands.

Front 10

Function of the INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Back 10

To protect the body, helps regulate temperature, gets rid of some waste, helps make Vitamin D, detects sensations i.e., touch, pain, warmth & cold.

Front 11

Components of the SKELETAL SYSTEM.

Back 11

Bones, joints and related cartlidge.

Front 12

Functions of the SKELETAL SYSTEM.

Back 12

Supports and protects the body. Provides surface for muscle attachment, aids body movement, houses cells that produce blood cells, stores minerals and lipids/fats.

Front 13

Components of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Back 13

Muscles/skeletal muscle tissue.

Front 14

Functions of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM.

Back 14

Body movement (ie walking), stablizes body posistion/ posutre, generates heat.

Front 15

Components of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

Back 15

Blood, heart, blood vessels.

Front 16

Functions of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

Back 16

Heart pumps blood through vessels, blood carries oxygen & nutrients to cells & carbon dioxide & waste from cells. Regulates temperature, acid-base balance & water content. Blood components help defend against disease & repair blood vessels.

Front 17

Components of the LYMPHATIC / IMMUNITY SYSTEM.

Back 17

Lymph fluid & vessels. Also includes lymph nodes, thymus, spleen & tonsils.

Front 18

Functions of the LYMPHATIC / IMMUNITY SYSTEM.

Back 18

Returns proteins & fluids to blood. Carries lipids from gastro tract to blood. Protects against diseases.

Front 19

Components of the NERVOUS SYSTEM

Back 19

Brain, spinal cord, nerves & special sense organs (ie eyes, ears).

Front 20

Functions of the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Back 20

Generates action / nerve impulses to regulate body activiites. Detects changes and adjusts.

Front 21

Components of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.

Back 21

Hormone producing glands. Pineal, hypothymus, pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes & hormone producing cells.

Front 22

Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.

Back 22

Regulates body activities by releasing hormones which are chemical messengers - transported in blood.

Front 23

Components of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

Back 23

Pharynx/thorat, larynx/voice box, trachea, bronchus, lung

Front 24

Functions of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

Back 24

Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to the blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air.

Front 25

Components of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Back 25

Gastronintestinal tract. Mouth, pharynx/throat, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines, anus, organs used for digestion such as the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder & pancreas.

Front 26

Functions of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Back 26

Physical & chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates solid waste.

Front 27

Components of the URINARY SYSTEM.

Back 27

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.

Front 28

Functions of the URINARY SYSTEM.

Back 28

Produces, stores and eliminates urine. Helps regulate production of red blood cells.

Front 29

Components of the REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.

Back 29

Reproductive organs, testes, ovaries, penis, vagina.

Front 30

Functions of the REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.

Back 30

Gonads (ovaries or testes) produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form an organism.

Front 31

What is a SAGITTAL PLANE

Back 31

Divides the body or organ into left and right parts.

Front 32

What is a MIDSAGITTAL PLANE

Back 32

Divides the body or organ into equal left and right parts.

Front 33

What is a FRONTAL PLANE

Back 33

Divides the body or organ into front and back parts.

Front 34

What is a TRANSVERSE PLANE

Back 34

Divides the body or organ into upper and lower parts.

Front 35

What is an OBLIQUE PLANE

Back 35

Passes through the body or organ at an angle.

Front 36

ANTERIOR

Back 36

Nearer to or front of the body.

Front 37

POSTERIOR

Back 37

Nearer to or back of the body.

Front 38

SUPERIOR

Back 38

Towards the head.

Front 39

INFERIOR

Back 39

Away from the head.

Front 40

DISTAL

Back 40

Farther from the attachment of a limb.

Front 41

PROXIMAL

Back 41

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk.

Front 42

SUPERFICIAL

Back 42

External. Toward or on the surface of the body.

Front 43

DEEP

Back 43

Internal. Away from the surface of the body.

Front 44

MEDIAL

Back 44

Closer to the midline.

Example: Little finger is MEDIAL to the thumb.

Front 45

BODY CAVITIES

Back 45

Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs

Front 46

What separates BODY CAVITIES from each other.

Back 46

Bones, muscles and ligaments separate body cavities from each other.

Front 47

CRANIAL CAVITY

Back 47

Formed by cranial bone. Houses the brain.

Front 48

VERTEBRAL CANAL

Back 48

Formed by vertebral column & contains the spinal cord and beginnings of the spinal nerves.

Front 49

THORACIC CAVITY

Back 49

Chest cavity. Contains the pleural & pericardial cavities & mediastinum.

Front 50

PLEURAL CAVITY

Back 50

Each surrounds a lung.

Front 51

PERICARDIAL CAVITY

Back 51

Surrounds the heart.

Front 52

MEDISTINUM

Back 52

Contains all structures of the thoracic cavity except for the lungs including the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea)

Front 53

ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

Back 53

Subdivided into the abdominal & pelvic cavities.

Front 54

ABDOMINAL CAVITY

Back 54

Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine & most of the large intestine.

Front 55

PELVIC CAVITY

Back 55

Urinary bladder, some of the large intestine & internal reproductive organs.

Front 56

Three principle parts of a generalized cell.

Back 56

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus.

Front 57

Referring to cell permeability the lipid bilayer is permeable to ___, ___ ___, ___ and ___.

Back 57

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, water and steroids.

Front 58

Transmembrane proteins act as channels and transporters to assist....

Back 58

The entrance of certain substances i.e., ions and glucose.

Front 59

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Back 59

A/K/A Cytosol. Fluid within the cells.

Front 60

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Back 60

Fluid outside the cells.

Front 61

Interstitial Fluid.

Back 61

Extracelluar fluid (ECF) filling the spaces between cells (ICF).

Front 62

Plasma

Back 62

The extracellular fluid in blood vessels.

Front 63

Lymph

Back 63

The extracellular fluid of lymphatic vessels.

Front 64

Passive Process

Back 64

Substances move across cell membranes without the input of any energy. Uses the kinetic energy of individual molecules or ions

Front 65

Active Process

Back 65

Uses energy, primarily from the breakdown of ATP, to move a substance across the membrane.

Front 66

Simple diffusion.

Back 66

Net movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Front 67

Osmosis.

Back 67

Net movement of water through a permeable membrane from an area of high concentration of water to an area of low concentration of water.

Front 68

Simple diffusion and osmosis are what type of transport?

Back 68

Kinetic energy transport.

Front 69

Simple diffusion.

Back 69

Net movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Front 70

Facilitated diffusion.

Back 70

Integral proteins act as transporters.

Front 71

Osmosis.

Back 71

Net movement of water through a permeable membrane from an area of high concentration of water to an area of low concentration of water.

Front 72

Active transport.

Back 72

Substances, usually ions are transported across plasma membranes (using energy) from an area of lower to higher concentration.

Front 73

Simple diffusion and osmosis are what type of transport?

Back 73

Kinetic energy transport.

Front 74

Facilitated diffusion.

Back 74

Integral proteins act as transporters.

Front 75

Active transport.

Back 75

Substances, usually ions are transported across plasma membranes (using energy) from an area of lower to higher concentration.

Front 76

Vesicle

Back 76

A small sac formed by budding off a membrane.

Front 77

Endocytosis

Back 77

Materials move into a cell using a vesicle.

Front 78

3 types of endocytosis.

Back 78

Receptor-mediated, phagocytosis, bulk-phase endocytosis (pinocytosis).

Front 79

Exocytosis

Back 79

Vesicle fuses with plasma membrane to release contents into extracellular fluid.

Front 80

Transcytosis

Back 80

Combination of endo & exo-cytosis.

Front 81

2 Components of Cytoplasm

Back 81

Cytosol & Organelles

Front 82

Cytosol

Back 82

Intracellular fluid, surround organelles. 55% of cell volume. 75-90% water. Site of many chemical reactions - reactions usually release energy. Reactions provide building blocks for cell reconstruction, structure, function & growth.

Front 83

Organelles

Back 83

Specailized structure within the cell.

Front 84

Cytoskeleton

Back 84

Network of protein filaments throughout the cytosol.

Front 85

3 types of cytoskeleton

Back 85

microfilaments, intermediate filaments & microtubules