Principles Of Heredity

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Each triplet specifies only one amino acid

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Unambiguous

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A given amino acid can't be specified by more than one triplet codon

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Degenerate

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Once translation begins, condos are read with no break

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Commaless

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Any single ribonucleotide within a mRNA is part of one triplet

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Nonoverlapping

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Sequence of codons in a gene is...

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Colinear

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A single coding dictionary is used by viruses, prokaryotes, archaea, and eukaryotes

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Nearly universal

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Serves as intermediate in transferring genetic information from DNA to proteins

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mRNA

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Where is genetic information stored?

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DNA

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Where is the code located that translates DNA to protein?

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RNA

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Provide 64 codons to specify 20 amino acids

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Triplet code

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Continuous sequence of nucleotides

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Reading frame

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Insertions or deletions shift reading frame and change codons downstream

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Frame shift mutation

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What was revealed by frameshift mutations?

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Triplet nature codon

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Frameshift mutation

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Genetic code reads three nucleotides at a time in a continuance, linear manner

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Nonoverlapping

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During translation, genetic code is...

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Nonoverlapping

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The genetic code is…

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Degenerate

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What are encoded by a single codon?

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Tryptophan and methionine

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Genetic code shows order

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Chemically similar amino acid share one or two little bases in triplets coding them

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The initial two ribonucleotide so triplet codons are often more critical than the third

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Wobble hypothesis

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Less special constraint. Need not adhere strictly to established base pairing rules

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Third position

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Initiator codon. Initial amino acid incorporated into all proteins

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Methionine or AUG

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And bacteria: modified form of methionine

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N-formylmethionine (fmet)

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Only codon to encode methionine

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AUG

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Termination codons are

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UAG, UAA, UGA

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Do not code for any amino acid. Are not recognized by transfer RNA

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Termination codon

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Translation terminates when …

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These codons are encountered

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Mutation that produces a stop codon internally in gene. Translation is terminated. Partial polypeptide is produced.

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Nonsense mutations

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Revealed exceptions to universal genetic code

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Mitochondrial DNA

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What codon normally specifies termination ? Explain.

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UGA. mtDNA codon encodes tryptophan in yeast and in humans

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What Codar normally specifies isoleucine? Explain.

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AUA . Human mitochondria encodes internal insertion of methionine

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An alteration in DNA sequence Any base-pair change in sequence Single base pair substitution Deletion or insertion of base pairs Major alteration in chromosomal structure

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Mutation

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Change from one base pair to another

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Point mutation or base substitution

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Results in new triplet code for different amino acid

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Missense mutation

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Results in new triplet code for different amino acid

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Nonsense mutation

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New triplet code still codes for same amino acid

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Silent mutation