Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Taxonomy
|
-Science of the classification of organisms
|
|
2 Purposes of Taxonomy?
|
1) To show evolutionary relationships between groups
2) To provide a means of identifying organisms. |
|
2 methods of Classification?
|
1) PHYLOGENETIC classification: reflects actual ancestry (evolutionary relationships) between different organisms. BASED ON EVOLUTION.
2)PHENETICS: an alternative method, in which classification of organisms is based solely on observable characteristics, and the goal is more practical - identification and common language. BASED ON OBSERVATION. |
|
5 Kingdom System
|
-Monera: unicellular prokaryotes
-Protista: unicellular eukaryotes -Fungi: multicellular heterotrophs with external digestion. -Plantae: multicellular autotrophs (plants) (based upon nutritional pattern) -Animalia: multicellular heterotrophs with internal digestion (animals) (based upon nutritional pattern) |
|
How are Domains different from Kingdoms?
|
-Domain is considered to be a new level apart from Kingdom, based on the fact that cells are really of 3 fundamental types: Eukarya, Bacteria, Archea.
|
|
What are the 3 Domains?
|
1) Eukarya (eukaryotes)
2) Bacteria (most bacteria) 3) Archaea (archaebacteria) - no peptidoglycan in cell walls, extreme environments and strange biochemistry. Molecular studies of their DNA reveal they are not very related to eubacteria. |
|
The Linnaean Taxanomic Hierarchy
|
-Traditionally has 7 tiers (8 if you count the domain)
*D - King Phillip Came Over For Good Salami. -Binomial Nomenclature: genus & species name. |
|
Classify the Human Being!
|
-Domain: Eukarya
-Kingdom: Animalia -Phylum: Chordata -Class: Mammalia -Order: Primates -Family: Hominidae -Genus: Homo -Species: sapiens |
|
TREE OF BACTERIAL PHYLOGENY (draw it!!!)
|
http://www.emlab.com/m/media/PhylogeneticTree_ER0108.jpg
|
|
Bacteria are classified according to....
|
-Bergey's Manual of Bacteriology
-In 1923, first published by Dr. Bergey under American Society for Microbiology. -Was PHENETICAL; classification was performed under observable characteristics. |
|
Characteristics used to classify Bacteria?
|
-Morphological characteristics (shape, etc.)
-Differential Staining (Gram stain) -Nutritional Pattern -Relationship with oxygen -Biochemical characteristics (eg, catalase +/-) -Serological analysis: ability of specific antibodies to react with specific microbe. -Phage typing: can bacteria be infected by the same phage? *Protein and DNA sequencing are becoming more popular and powerful! |
|
What are some pieces of evidence that BACTERIAL CLASSIFICATION is changing?
|
-DSince advent of sophisticated DNA,RNA and protein analysis techniques; more data on phylogeny has emerged, and is continually emerging.
-Therefore, the first edition of "Bergey's Manual of SYSTEMATIC Bacteriology" was published during the 1980's to reflect phylogeny - the categories in this book are quite different. *SYSTEMATIC = PHYLOGENY *DETERMINATIVE = PHENETICS |
|
What is a species, and why does bacteria belonging to a species pose a PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEM? o.O;
|
-Species defined as a group of potentially interbreeding organisms that can produce viable offspring.
-This does not work for Bacteria, because Bacteria DO NOT have sex!! |
|
How to classify Bacterial Species?
|
-Bacterial Species: population of cells with similar characteristics.
-More than 3% difference in overall genome sequence reflects membership in a different species. |
|
VIRAL CLASSIFICATION
|
-Viral Species is defined as a population of viruses that have similar characteristics.
-Some scientists have proposed that viruses get classified according to whom they can infect - makes sense evolutionarily, but not in common usage. |
|
What are the DOMAINS and KINGDOM(S) of Bacterial Classification?
|
-DOMAINS: Archaea and Bacteria
-KINGDOM: Monera |
|
What are some characteristics that classify bacteria in Bergey's Manual of DETERMINATIVE Bacteriology?
|
-Gram stain reaction (cell wall type)
-Cellular morphology (rod, coccus, etc.) -Oxygen requirements (obligate anaerobe, etc.) -Nutritional patterns (chemoautotrophs, etc.) *Systematic = Phylogeny! |
|
Whata are the Four Divisions (Phyla) of bacteria?
|
1) Gracilicutes (Gram-negative)
2) Firmicutes (Gram-positive) 3) Tenericutes (Mycoplasmas - have no cell wall!) 4) Mendosicutes (Archaebacteria - have strange cell walls w/ no peptidoglycan) |
|
Gracilicutes
|
Gram Negative
|
|
Firmicutes
|
Gram Positive
|
|
Tenericute
|
Mycoplasmas - have no cell wall!
|
|
Mendosicutes
|
Archaebacteria - have strange cell walls w/ no peptidoglycan
|
|
Oxyphotobacteria; aka Cyanobacteria
(Gracilicutes Class 1) |
-Aerobic photosynthesizers
-Primary producers in aquatic ecosystems -Representative genus: Oscillatoria |
|
Anoxyphotobacteria
(Gracilicutes Class 2; 2 types) |
-Anaerobic photosynthesizers
1)-Green and Purple Sulfur Bacteria 2)-Green and Purple Non-Sulfur Bacteria |
|
Green and Purple Sulfur Bacteria
(Anoxyphotobacteria; Gracilicutes) |
-use reduced sulfur compounds as electron donor
*Representative genus: Chlorobium (Green) *Representative genus: Chromatium (Purple) |
|
Green and Purple Non-Sulfur Bacteria
(Anoxyphotobacteria; Gracilicutes) |
-Do not use reduced sulfur compounds as electron donor. (use non-reduced sulfur)
*Representative genus: Chloroflexus (Green) *Representative genus: Rhodospirillum (Purple) |
|
Scotobacteria
(Gracilicutes Class 3; 7 types) |
-Non-photosynthetic bacteria
1)- Family Spirochaetaceae (The Spirochetes) 2)- Family Spirillaceae 3)- Family Vibrionaceae 4)- Family Enterobacteriaceae (The Enterics) 5)- Chlamydias and Rickettsias (Obligate Parasites) 6)- Chemoautotrophs 7)- Aerobic Rods and Cocci |
|
Family Spirochaetaceae aka The Spirochetes
(Scotobacteria; Gracilicutes) |
-Spiral in shape, possess axial filament
*Representative genera: -Treponema: causes syphilis -Borrelia: causes Lyme Disease |
|
Gracilicutes
|
Gram Negative
|
|
Firmicutes
|
Gram Positive
|
|
Tenericute
|
Mycoplasmas - have no cell wall!
|
|
Mendosicutes
|
Archaebacteria - have strange cell walls w/ no peptidoglycan
|
|
Oxyphotobacteria; aka Cyanobacteria
(Gracilicutes Class 1) |
-Aerobic photosynthesizers
-Primary producers in aquatic ecosystems -Representative genus: Oscillatoria |
|
Anoxyphotobacteria
(Gracilicutes Class 2; 2 types) |
-Anaerobic photosynthesizers
1)-Green and Purple Sulfur Bacteria 2)-Green and Purple Non-Sulfur Bacteria |
|
Green and Purple Sulfur Bacteria
(Anoxyphotobacteria; Gracilicutes) |
-use reduced sulfur compounds as electron donor
*Representative genus: Chlorobium (Green) *Representative genus: Chromatium (Purple) |
|
Green and Purple Non-Sulfur Bacteria
(Anoxyphotobacteria; Gracilicutes) |
-Do not use reduced sulfur compounds as electron donor. (use non-reduced sulfur)
*Representative genus: Chloroflexus (Green) *Representative genus: Rhodospirillum (Purple) |
|
Scotobacteria
(Gracilicutes Class 3; 7 types) |
-Non-photosynthetic bacteria
1)- Family Spirochaetaceae (The Spirochetes) 2)- Family Spirillaceae 3)- Family Vibrionaceae 4)- Family Enterobacteriaceae (The Enterics) 5)- Chlamydias and Rickettsias (Obligate Parasites) 6)- Chemoautotrophs 7)- Aerobic Rods and Cocci |
|
Family Spirochaetaceae aka The Spirochetes
(Scotobacteria; Gracilicutes) |
-Spiral in shape, possess axial filament
*Representative genera: -Treponema: causes syphilis -Borrelia: causes Lyme Disease |
|
Family Spirillaceae
(Scotobacteria; Gracilicutes) |
-microaerophilic, spiral shaped, motile flagellum.
*Representative genus: Helicobacter - causes stomach ulcers. |
|
Family Vibrionaceae(Scotobacteria; Gracilicutes)
|
-facultatively anaerobic, "curved" motile flagellum.
*Representative genus: Vibrio - causes cholera. |
|
Family Enterobacteriaceae aka The Enterics
(Scotobacteria; Gracilicutes) **6 Representative Genera!** |
-facultatively anaerobic rods, often inhabit colon
*Representative genera: 1) Escherichia (coli) - large part of the normal microbiota, can cause food poisoning, used in research. 2) Salmonella - causes food poisoning and typhoid fever 3) Shigella - causes dysentery 4) Klebsiella - member of normal microbiota in colon, may cause bacterial pneumonia. 5) Serratia: may cause nosocomial infections. 6)Yersina: causes Plague (Black Death) |
|
Chlamydias and Rickettsias
(Scotobacteria; Gracilicutes) |
-Obligate Parasites
*Representative Genera: -Chlamydia: causes a common STD -Rickettsia: causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever |
|
Chemoautotrophs
(Scotobacteria; Gracilicutes) |
-usually oxidize reduced Sulfur, Iron, and Nitrogen Compounds, live in muddy sediments.
*Representative Genera: -Thiobacillus: various species can oxidize reduced sulfur or iron compounds. |
|
Aerobic Rods and Cocci
(Scotobacteria; Gracilicutes) |
*Representative Genera
1) Pseudomonas: ubiquitous, lives in soil and water, may cause food spoilage, opportunistic infections. -Neisseria: causes gonorrhea, it is diplococcus. -Bordetella: causes Whooping Cough -Rhizobium: fixes atmospheric Nitrogen for plants |
|
FIRMICUTES
|
GRAM POSITIVE
|
|
Firmibacteria
|
-Class 1 of Firmicutes
-Rods and Cocci! |
|
Family Micrococcaceae
(Firmibacteria; Firmicutes) |
-Cocci arranged in grapelike clusters.
*Representative genus: -Staphylococcus: may cause food poisoning, wound infections, boils, toxic shock syndrome. |
|
Family Streptococcaceae
(Firmibacteria; Firmicutes) |
-Cocci arranged linear chains
*Representative genus: Streptococcus: may cause sore throat and Scarlet Fever |
|
Family Bacillaceae
(Firmibacteria; Firmicutes) |
-Endospore-forming rods
*Representative genera: -Bacillus: causes anthrax -Clostridium: causes botulism and tetanus |
|
Family Mycobacteriaceae
(Firmibacteria; Firmicutes) |
-Acid-fast, non-spore forming rods.
*Representative genus: -Mycobacterium: causes tuberculosis and leprosy |
|
Thallobacteria - aka The Actinomycetes
(Class 2 Firmicutes) |
-Filamentous (look like fungal type growth), most live in soil.
*Representative genus: -Streptomyces: produces many antibiotics including streptomycin. |
|
TENERICUTES
|
Bacteria lacking a cell wall
|
|
Mollicutes - the Mycoplasmas
(Tenericutes) |
*Representative genus:
-Mycoplasma- may cause bacterial pneumonia; parasitic. |
|
Mendosicutes
|
Archaebacteria (only 1 class); have strange cell walls with no Peptidogylcan.
|
|
Extreme Halophiles "salt lovers"
(Mendosicutes) |
*Representative Genus:
-Halobacterium: photosynthesizes using bacteriorhodopsin, requires high salt concentrations. |
|
Extreme Thermophiles "heat lovers"
(Mendosicutes) |
*Representative Genus:
-Sulfolobus, Thermococcus - thrive at temperatures from 70 to over 100C, live in deep sea vents, volcanoes, hot springs. |
|
Thermoacidophiles "heat and acid lovers"
(Mendosicutes) |
*Representative genus:
-Thermoplasma: thrives at pH ~2; 60 degrees C |
|
Methanogens "CH4 producers"
(Mendosicutes) |
*Representative genus:
-Methanobacterium - turn organic wastes, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen gas into methane; used in sewage treatment plants. |
|
Proteobacteria (Phylum): which genera belong in this category?
|
Thiobacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Bordetella, Neisseria, Rickettsia, Chromatium, Rhodospirillum, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Serratia, Yersina, Vibrio, Helicobacter
|
|
Gram Positive/Mycoplasmas: which genera belong in this category?
|
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Clostridium, Mycoplasma, Mycobacterium, Streptomyces
|
|
Genus list for Phylogenetic Tree?
(5) |
1) Cyanobacteria: Oscillatoria
2) Chlamydias: Chlamydia 3) Green Sulfur Bacteria: Chlorobium 4) Green Non-Sulfur Bacteria: Chloroflexus 5) Spirochetes: Treponema, Borrelia |
|
Tree of Archaebacterial Phylogeny
(draw it!!!!) |
pg 130
|
|
Archeabacterial Genera?
(5) |
1) Extreme Halophiles- Halobacterium
2) Methanogens- Methanobacterium 3) Thermoacidophiles - Thermoplasma 4) Extreme Thermophiles - Thermococcus 5) Extreme Thermophiles (volcanic) - Sulfolobus |