• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/63

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

63 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Taxonomy
-Science of the classification of organisms
2 Purposes of Taxonomy?
1) To show evolutionary relationships between groups

2) To provide a means of identifying organisms.
2 methods of Classification?
1) PHYLOGENETIC classification: reflects actual ancestry (evolutionary relationships) between different organisms. BASED ON EVOLUTION.

2)PHENETICS: an alternative method, in which classification of organisms is based solely on observable characteristics, and the goal is more practical - identification and common language. BASED ON OBSERVATION.
5 Kingdom System
-Monera: unicellular prokaryotes
-Protista: unicellular eukaryotes
-Fungi: multicellular heterotrophs with external digestion.
-Plantae: multicellular autotrophs (plants) (based upon nutritional pattern)
-Animalia: multicellular heterotrophs with internal digestion (animals) (based upon nutritional pattern)
How are Domains different from Kingdoms?
-Domain is considered to be a new level apart from Kingdom, based on the fact that cells are really of 3 fundamental types: Eukarya, Bacteria, Archea.
What are the 3 Domains?
1) Eukarya (eukaryotes)
2) Bacteria (most bacteria)
3) Archaea (archaebacteria) - no peptidoglycan in cell walls, extreme environments and strange biochemistry. Molecular studies of their DNA reveal they are not very related to eubacteria.
The Linnaean Taxanomic Hierarchy
-Traditionally has 7 tiers (8 if you count the domain)

*D - King Phillip Came Over For Good Salami.

-Binomial Nomenclature: genus & species name.
Classify the Human Being!
-Domain: Eukarya
-Kingdom: Animalia
-Phylum: Chordata
-Class: Mammalia
-Order: Primates
-Family: Hominidae
-Genus: Homo
-Species: sapiens
TREE OF BACTERIAL PHYLOGENY (draw it!!!)
http://www.emlab.com/m/media/PhylogeneticTree_ER0108.jpg
Bacteria are classified according to....
-Bergey's Manual of Bacteriology
-In 1923, first published by Dr. Bergey under American Society for Microbiology.
-Was PHENETICAL; classification was performed under observable characteristics.
Characteristics used to classify Bacteria?
-Morphological characteristics (shape, etc.)
-Differential Staining (Gram stain)
-Nutritional Pattern
-Relationship with oxygen
-Biochemical characteristics (eg, catalase +/-)
-Serological analysis: ability of specific antibodies to react with specific microbe.
-Phage typing: can bacteria be infected by the same phage?

*Protein and DNA sequencing are becoming more popular and powerful!
What are some pieces of evidence that BACTERIAL CLASSIFICATION is changing?
-DSince advent of sophisticated DNA,RNA and protein analysis techniques; more data on phylogeny has emerged, and is continually emerging.
-Therefore, the first edition of "Bergey's Manual of SYSTEMATIC Bacteriology" was published during the 1980's to reflect phylogeny - the categories in this book are quite different.
*SYSTEMATIC = PHYLOGENY
*DETERMINATIVE = PHENETICS
What is a species, and why does bacteria belonging to a species pose a PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEM? o.O;
-Species defined as a group of potentially interbreeding organisms that can produce viable offspring.
-This does not work for Bacteria, because Bacteria DO NOT have sex!!
How to classify Bacterial Species?
-Bacterial Species: population of cells with similar characteristics.
-More than 3% difference in overall genome sequence reflects membership in a different species.
VIRAL CLASSIFICATION
-Viral Species is defined as a population of viruses that have similar characteristics.
-Some scientists have proposed that viruses get classified according to whom they can infect - makes sense evolutionarily, but not in common usage.
What are the DOMAINS and KINGDOM(S) of Bacterial Classification?
-DOMAINS: Archaea and Bacteria

-KINGDOM: Monera
What are some characteristics that classify bacteria in Bergey's Manual of DETERMINATIVE Bacteriology?
-Gram stain reaction (cell wall type)
-Cellular morphology (rod, coccus, etc.)
-Oxygen requirements (obligate anaerobe, etc.)
-Nutritional patterns (chemoautotrophs, etc.)

*Systematic = Phylogeny!
Whata are the Four Divisions (Phyla) of bacteria?
1) Gracilicutes (Gram-negative)

2) Firmicutes (Gram-positive)

3) Tenericutes (Mycoplasmas - have no cell wall!)

4) Mendosicutes (Archaebacteria - have strange cell walls w/ no peptidoglycan)
Gracilicutes
Gram Negative
Firmicutes
Gram Positive
Tenericute
Mycoplasmas - have no cell wall!
Mendosicutes
Archaebacteria - have strange cell walls w/ no peptidoglycan
Oxyphotobacteria; aka Cyanobacteria
(Gracilicutes Class 1)
-Aerobic photosynthesizers
-Primary producers in aquatic ecosystems
-Representative genus: Oscillatoria
Anoxyphotobacteria
(Gracilicutes Class 2; 2 types)
-Anaerobic photosynthesizers
1)-Green and Purple Sulfur Bacteria
2)-Green and Purple Non-Sulfur Bacteria
Green and Purple Sulfur Bacteria
(Anoxyphotobacteria; Gracilicutes)
-use reduced sulfur compounds as electron donor
*Representative genus: Chlorobium (Green)
*Representative genus: Chromatium (Purple)
Green and Purple Non-Sulfur Bacteria
(Anoxyphotobacteria; Gracilicutes)
-Do not use reduced sulfur compounds as electron donor. (use non-reduced sulfur)
*Representative genus: Chloroflexus (Green)
*Representative genus: Rhodospirillum (Purple)
Scotobacteria
(Gracilicutes Class 3; 7 types)
-Non-photosynthetic bacteria
1)- Family Spirochaetaceae (The Spirochetes)
2)- Family Spirillaceae
3)- Family Vibrionaceae
4)- Family Enterobacteriaceae (The Enterics)
5)- Chlamydias and Rickettsias (Obligate Parasites)
6)- Chemoautotrophs
7)- Aerobic Rods and Cocci
Family Spirochaetaceae aka The Spirochetes
(Scotobacteria; Gracilicutes)
-Spiral in shape, possess axial filament
*Representative genera:
-Treponema: causes syphilis
-Borrelia: causes Lyme Disease
Gracilicutes
Gram Negative
Firmicutes
Gram Positive
Tenericute
Mycoplasmas - have no cell wall!
Mendosicutes
Archaebacteria - have strange cell walls w/ no peptidoglycan
Oxyphotobacteria; aka Cyanobacteria
(Gracilicutes Class 1)
-Aerobic photosynthesizers
-Primary producers in aquatic ecosystems
-Representative genus: Oscillatoria
Anoxyphotobacteria
(Gracilicutes Class 2; 2 types)
-Anaerobic photosynthesizers
1)-Green and Purple Sulfur Bacteria
2)-Green and Purple Non-Sulfur Bacteria
Green and Purple Sulfur Bacteria
(Anoxyphotobacteria; Gracilicutes)
-use reduced sulfur compounds as electron donor
*Representative genus: Chlorobium (Green)
*Representative genus: Chromatium (Purple)
Green and Purple Non-Sulfur Bacteria
(Anoxyphotobacteria; Gracilicutes)
-Do not use reduced sulfur compounds as electron donor. (use non-reduced sulfur)
*Representative genus: Chloroflexus (Green)
*Representative genus: Rhodospirillum (Purple)
Scotobacteria
(Gracilicutes Class 3; 7 types)
-Non-photosynthetic bacteria
1)- Family Spirochaetaceae (The Spirochetes)
2)- Family Spirillaceae
3)- Family Vibrionaceae
4)- Family Enterobacteriaceae (The Enterics)
5)- Chlamydias and Rickettsias (Obligate Parasites)
6)- Chemoautotrophs
7)- Aerobic Rods and Cocci
Family Spirochaetaceae aka The Spirochetes
(Scotobacteria; Gracilicutes)
-Spiral in shape, possess axial filament
*Representative genera:
-Treponema: causes syphilis
-Borrelia: causes Lyme Disease
Family Spirillaceae
(Scotobacteria; Gracilicutes)
-microaerophilic, spiral shaped, motile flagellum.
*Representative genus: Helicobacter - causes stomach ulcers.
Family Vibrionaceae(Scotobacteria; Gracilicutes)
-facultatively anaerobic, "curved" motile flagellum.
*Representative genus: Vibrio - causes cholera.
Family Enterobacteriaceae aka The Enterics
(Scotobacteria; Gracilicutes)
**6 Representative Genera!**
-facultatively anaerobic rods, often inhabit colon

*Representative genera:
1) Escherichia (coli) - large part of the normal microbiota, can cause food poisoning, used in research.

2) Salmonella - causes food poisoning and typhoid fever

3) Shigella - causes dysentery

4) Klebsiella - member of normal microbiota in colon, may cause bacterial pneumonia.

5) Serratia: may cause nosocomial infections.

6)Yersina: causes Plague (Black Death)
Chlamydias and Rickettsias
(Scotobacteria; Gracilicutes)
-Obligate Parasites

*Representative Genera:
-Chlamydia: causes a common STD
-Rickettsia: causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Chemoautotrophs
(Scotobacteria; Gracilicutes)
-usually oxidize reduced Sulfur, Iron, and Nitrogen Compounds, live in muddy sediments.
*Representative Genera:
-Thiobacillus: various species can oxidize reduced sulfur or iron compounds.
Aerobic Rods and Cocci
(Scotobacteria; Gracilicutes)
*Representative Genera

1) Pseudomonas: ubiquitous, lives in soil and water, may cause food spoilage, opportunistic infections.
-Neisseria: causes gonorrhea, it is diplococcus.
-Bordetella: causes Whooping Cough
-Rhizobium: fixes atmospheric Nitrogen for plants
FIRMICUTES
GRAM POSITIVE
Firmibacteria
-Class 1 of Firmicutes

-Rods and Cocci!
Family Micrococcaceae
(Firmibacteria; Firmicutes)
-Cocci arranged in grapelike clusters.

*Representative genus:
-Staphylococcus: may cause food poisoning, wound infections, boils, toxic shock syndrome.
Family Streptococcaceae
(Firmibacteria; Firmicutes)
-Cocci arranged linear chains

*Representative genus:
Streptococcus: may cause sore throat and Scarlet Fever
Family Bacillaceae
(Firmibacteria; Firmicutes)
-Endospore-forming rods
*Representative genera:
-Bacillus: causes anthrax
-Clostridium: causes botulism and tetanus
Family Mycobacteriaceae
(Firmibacteria; Firmicutes)
-Acid-fast, non-spore forming rods.

*Representative genus:
-Mycobacterium: causes tuberculosis and leprosy
Thallobacteria - aka The Actinomycetes
(Class 2 Firmicutes)
-Filamentous (look like fungal type growth), most live in soil.

*Representative genus:
-Streptomyces: produces many antibiotics including streptomycin.
TENERICUTES
Bacteria lacking a cell wall
Mollicutes - the Mycoplasmas
(Tenericutes)
*Representative genus:
-Mycoplasma- may cause bacterial pneumonia; parasitic.
Mendosicutes
Archaebacteria (only 1 class); have strange cell walls with no Peptidogylcan.
Extreme Halophiles "salt lovers"
(Mendosicutes)
*Representative Genus:

-Halobacterium: photosynthesizes using bacteriorhodopsin, requires high salt concentrations.
Extreme Thermophiles "heat lovers"
(Mendosicutes)
*Representative Genus:

-Sulfolobus, Thermococcus - thrive at temperatures from 70 to over 100C, live in deep sea vents, volcanoes, hot springs.
Thermoacidophiles "heat and acid lovers"
(Mendosicutes)
*Representative genus:

-Thermoplasma: thrives at pH ~2; 60 degrees C
Methanogens "CH4 producers"
(Mendosicutes)
*Representative genus:

-Methanobacterium - turn organic wastes, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen gas into methane; used in sewage treatment plants.
Proteobacteria (Phylum): which genera belong in this category?
Thiobacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Bordetella, Neisseria, Rickettsia, Chromatium, Rhodospirillum, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Serratia, Yersina, Vibrio, Helicobacter
Gram Positive/Mycoplasmas: which genera belong in this category?
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Clostridium, Mycoplasma, Mycobacterium, Streptomyces
Genus list for Phylogenetic Tree?
(5)
1) Cyanobacteria: Oscillatoria
2) Chlamydias: Chlamydia
3) Green Sulfur Bacteria: Chlorobium
4) Green Non-Sulfur Bacteria: Chloroflexus
5) Spirochetes: Treponema, Borrelia
Tree of Archaebacterial Phylogeny
(draw it!!!!)
pg 130
Archeabacterial Genera?
(5)
1) Extreme Halophiles- Halobacterium

2) Methanogens- Methanobacterium

3) Thermoacidophiles - Thermoplasma

4) Extreme Thermophiles - Thermococcus

5) Extreme Thermophiles (volcanic) - Sulfolobus