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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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concordant
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traits, behaviors that align with a person's sex
ex- girl with long hair |
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non-concordant
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traits, behaviors that don't align with a person's sex
ex- girl with short hair |
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reductionism
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describing an organism by describing the characteristics of its most basic components
ex- in terms of molecules, etc |
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biological phenomena are...
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1. lawful
2. predictable 3. repeatable |
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truth or agreement?
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agreement on formulation of some conception of truth, as long as everyone agrees, accepted as truth
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experimental models
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HYPOTH: A CAUSES B
manipulate (increase/decrease) a, measure b |
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carbohydrates
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CHO, chains of sugars
-source of energy -structural components |
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proteins
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chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds
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function of protein depends on...
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shape, charge
(aa chains folded up into 3D) |
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traits depend on protein...
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structure, function
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Function of proteins
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*catalyze (promote, lower activation energy) reactions
so molecules can change, break up, fuse, etc |
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fats
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composed of triglycerides (glycerol, fatty acids)
*energy storage |
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DNA and RNA made from
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nucleic acids
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why is DNA double stranded
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because complementary bases (A-T, C-G) attracted to each other
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transcription
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with help of enzymes, DNA converted to mRNA
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translation
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with help of enzymes, RNA is converted to proteins
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translated proteins...
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catalyze synthesis of ALL MOLECULES even proteins!
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genotype
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all genes, all DNA
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phenotype
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any measurable trait
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translocation
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DNA gets stuck on wrong chromosome
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inversions
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genetic material is out of order
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deletions
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piece of chromosome not copied (missing in all other chromosomes too)
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environmental effects on how DNA is read out
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-molecular environment of DNA
-environment in which cell, tissue, individual lives |
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ALL CELLS HAVE SAME GENETIC CODE
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that's it...
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How does differentiation happen??
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genetic instructions the same, but certain cells only activate certain parts of the genome
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differentiation
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irreversible commitment of cells to a certain fate
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Genetic differences between males and females controlled by
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1. number of x chroms
or 2. presence/absence of y chrom |
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SRY
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sex-determining region of y chromosome
**protein that binds to DNA, turns on expression of genes that direct gonad to become testes |
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development of ovary
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develops in absence of SRY
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