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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ecology
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The limits of the distribution and abundance of organisms and the interactions between organisms and their environment
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Individual Ecology
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localized , the smalles reproductivly viabel unit
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Population Ecology
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2 or more, all members are the same speciesin the same range, interacting
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Community Ecology
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A set of species all share the same range and interact
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Ecosystems
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the Community and the relavent mineral environment
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Rates of increase
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dn/dt- average population growth
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Survivorship
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The possiblility of living to an age
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Dispersion
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Patter of individuals in space
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R=Nt/Nt-1 or Nt=NoRt
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R=the population ratio of increase
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r=b-d
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Perindividual rate of reproduction
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b
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birth rate = #of births/ # present in time
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d
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death rate= # of deaths/ # present in time
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expontential growth model assumptions
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'r' is constant over time environment and age.
changes are instantaneous. No lag effects in reproduction |
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Exponentail population growth curve
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j-shaped
it is a positive feedvack loop the positive effect means that there can be and exponential growth curve |
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Exponential growth is rapid if....
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r>0, and there is positive feedback between dN/dt and N
and 'r' is inversely proportional to generation time (r=1/generation) |
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Survivorship curves
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measure the probability of survival to any reproductive age. it is best measured by following a cohor of individuals throught their lives
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Type I pattern of survivorship curve
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Present in cases where the probability fo survival is high until and organism is old, best possible environments, species with high investment in individual juveniles
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Type II Pattern of Survivorship curve
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exponential survivorship curves occur when the probability of deathis random over all ages, a constant fraction (1-d) survive in each time interval
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Type III patter of survivorship curve
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Hypervolic curves are typical when b and juvenile d are bothe high, Sessile organisms with many small planktonic larvae show Type III survival, The probability of survival increases sharply with age
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Density independent environmental limits
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A birth rate or death rate that does not change with population density
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Density-Dependent environmental limits
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A death rate that rises as a population density rises, can be negative and positive, Negative effects have the greatest effect on dense populations
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Logistic model of population growth
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the S-curve of growth of some set P. The initial stage of growth is approximately exponential; then, as saturation begins, the growth slows, and at maturity, growth stops. no lag effects and r decreses as N increases
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The model for logistic popula tion growth
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dN/dt=rmax[1-N/K]N
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K
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is a stable equilibrium, A system muc return to it if it is displaced from it
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A stable equilibrium is produced in this model by a balance of feedback effects...
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positive feedback in reproduction and negative feedback from the environment
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carrying capacity has two meatnings
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numerical and environmental
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Human population growth
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r values have been positive but low, developing nations show an increase in r due to decrease in mortality, r decreases in technologically developed nations due to changes in individual economic priorities
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The next 50 years in Human population
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Even though human r has decreased over the last 40 years the global human population will grown in the next decades due to lag effects in human age stuctures
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Niche
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habitat and resources relevant to an organism
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Predictable variation
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seasonal changes, photoperiod
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unpredictable variations
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daily weather
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Phenotypic plasticity
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any adaptive chainges within an organism's lifetime
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behavioral plasticity
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fast reversilble
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Physiological plasticity
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Acclimations, high altitudes, enzymes, reversable
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Developmental
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irreversable,long term variation in the environment
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How do populations adapt through evolutionary change?
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Chages accumulate across generations, some individuals reproduce more than others, populations in different environments accumulate genotypic differecnes that increase adaptation of each population to its particualr environment
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Temperature regulation
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based on negative feedback
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Regulators
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endothermic- produces heat internally
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Conformers
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ectoderms get heat from external environment
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Facultative endotherm
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turn heating proces off and on Bees and heat tranfer
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Ethological school of behavior
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guided by the hypothesis of evolution through natural selection, there are fixed differences in genotype and phenotype between species and populations within species
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operational behaviors
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occur with out learning independant of environment genetic basis
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How behavors
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are proximate
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Why behaviors
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are Ultimate
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Ultimate explanations focus on what evolutionare effects
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adaptive use, historical effects
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Fixed action pattern
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invariant in pattern, situation and species specific once the behavior is started it goes til completion
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Sign-stimuli
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are simple and conspicuous and predictable over evolutionary time and accumulate thru natural selection
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Superstimuli
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illustrates the fixed nature of innate responses, it exaggerates the important simple elements of the sign
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Imprinting
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A form of special learning, has a developmentally specific sensitive period, hightly durable and hard to forget
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Communities
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are sets of species that share habitat and range as well as interactions
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Commensalism
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a positive effect for one species and no effect for the other
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Competitive
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the species have a negative effect on each other
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Mutualism
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they have a positive effect on each other
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Predation
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One species gets a positive effect and one species gets a negatie effect
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Competitive exclusion principle
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2 species on limiting resourse one species lives the other is extinct
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Coexisistence
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live in the same place with different ranges
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Scramble competition
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Speed of resource use and the competitors do not need to directly interact
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Interference competition
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competitors interact directly. resouce patches may be monopolized through territoriality (behavioral) and allelopathy (Chemical interference- poisoning)
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Random dispersion pattern
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no predictibility, no information, very rare
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Clustered dispersion pattern
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predictibully clustered for resources, habitat, social , and reproduction
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Even dispersion pattern
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you know the distance of one you know the distance for all
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Competitive Relaese
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demonstrated by species exlusion during experiments to find the true range of an organism with out its competator
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Character displacement
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two species differ more in sympatry than they do in allopatry
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componants of diversity
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species density , or richness and even ness of representation
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fugitive Species
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population apear and disappear sporadically in different regions over their range, boom bust cycles
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Key Stone predators
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maintain diversity in the communities by control the meso preditor population
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Cripticity
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hiding
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Aposematy
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warning coloration, advirtising noxious quilities
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Batesian Mimicry
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noxious species as model but is edable
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Exploitative mimicry
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resembles food like the angler fish
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Producers
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get energy and carbon from inorganic sources
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Herbivore
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consumer, grazer
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Carnivore
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Consumer, eats herbavores
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Detritovores
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Consumer, easts something already dead
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omnivore
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consumer, eats across a variety of tropic levels
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Assimilation effeciency
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digestion
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Net production efficiancy
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How efficient an animal is at using energy for growth and reproduction v. maintainance
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What dictates the number of trophic levels
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Energy flow from plants to other teirs
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