• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/38

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

38 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Disease
process that negatively impacts the ability of an organism to function
Microbe (microorgansim)
living organism too small to see with the naked eye. cause disease
infection
detrimental results of invasion of a pathogen
microflora or normal flora
microbes that are normally found in healthy animals
ie e.coli in intestinal tract.
Resistance
ability of an animal to overcome invasion by pathogens
sepsis
toxic products in blood. presence of pathogens or their toxic products in the blood or tissue of the patient
asepsis
complete absence of living pathogenic microbes
sterile
done by autoclave, an item that is void of microbes.
non-sterile
has not undergone sterilization
surgical asepsis
make sure everything in surgical site is clean
- techs. aimed at monitoring a surgical site or area of the body to ensure its free of all microbes.
medical asepsis
techs. used to reduce the number and transmission of microbes.. handwashing, cleaning kennels. etc.
contaminated (dirty)
an item that has not been sterilized. Same as non sterile.
3 levels of care aimed at achieving asepsis.
Sanitation
- procedures designed to prevent disease and promote health. picking up poo, cleaning anal glands.
*disinfection-
use right cleaning products for places in clinic. -application of a substance that destroys or inhibits the growth of microbes -static or cidal.
-will not kill all microbes, but will significantly reduce the numbers.

* Sterilization
- process to rid an object of all living microbes -autoclave.
Cold sterilization
don't usually use for sterilization.
-uses a disinfectant solution to reduce the level of contamination.
-under ideal conditions some chem. disinfectants will sterilize but usually not.
-program needs to be developed in hospitals to ensure a low level of microorganisms to decrease the chance of infection.
small % of microbes capable of causing disease.
-microorganism (protists)
details?
general characteristics?
members?
mycoplasmas, chlamydia, rickettsiae?
have both rna and dna
bac dont have distinctive nucleus
general characteristics:
-unicellular, capable of rapid growth
-can rapidly adapt to changes in the environment (heat , cold, disinfectant, antibiotics)
members
-algae, protozoa, fungi, and bac
mycoplasmas, chlamydia , rickettsiae
- fit between bac and viruses.
Bacteria?
3 shapes?
what determines gram stain?
examples of bac?
unicellular
3 basic shapes?
-coccus (spherical
-bacillus
spirillium (spiral)
composition of cell wall determines reaction to gram stain
example of bac. disease?
- tuberculosis, brucellosis
Rickettsiae?
usually live inside cell depend on cells of host 4 reproduction=killed by tetracycline, doxycycline.
obligate intracellular parasites
-athropods used as vectors or hosts
-eg. rocky mountain spotted fever, canine erilichiosis, heartwater of cattle, sheep etc.
Chlamiydiae?
obligate intracellular parasites
eg. cat scratch fever, feline pneumonitis
Mycoplasmosas
smallest free living organisms known
-no cell wall, relatively resistant to antibitotics
-can cause mastitis and pneumonia and arthritis
viruses
rna or dna not both
-no enzyme system
obligate intraccellular parasite
-use host cells to replicate - cause disease in host
-implicated in causing cancer
eg. rabies, canine distemper, canine hepatitis. and parvo
-must live inside cells, hard for body 2 find because of this.
hereditary disease?

congenital disease?
genetically transferred from parent to offspring, eg hemophilia

congenital disease? can be due to mom getting virus while carrying baby.
-disease states that occur during pregnancy or embryo fetal development
-exposure to toxins and viruses
eg. cleft palate.
Contagious/ infectious disease?
-prevention of nosocomial infection
-infx from hospital
prevention result of aseptic techniques desired.
-infectious disease isnt so aggressive that it kills the host.
-balance w host eg.. metazoans, fleas ticks, intestinal worms, protozoans, fungi
fungal disease?
-ie ringworm can be aerosilized.
involve superficial tissue
-usually spread by direct contact
-histoplasmosis- bird droppings in soil, systemic fungal disease.
bacterial disease?
higher bac?
simple bac?
higher bac
-resemble fungal disease-slow to progress, chronic in nature
eg tuberculosis
simple bacteria?
-usually associated w acute disease
often produce endotoxins (salmonella) or exotoxins (clostridium tetani)

produce other toxins that promote further tissue damage and infection
-elicit a strong host response leading to antibody formation
Endogenous microbe?

Exogenous microbe?
microbe norm found in body
can cause disease if hosts immune system is suppressed or if microbe is transferred to part of body in which it doesn't norm live. like w animal on chronic steroids, cat w FIV

-microbe from outside the body
-cause infection by being exposed to it.
Passive carrier?
animal infected w pathogen and discharges pathogen for long time w/o showing clin signs -may not know they are sick but spreading dz
active carrier
discharges pathogen for long period of time after it has recovered from clin symptoms
- can also release pathogens during incubational or convalescent period.
means of transportation?
Invasion of host means?
portal of entry
break in skin
-point at w exogenous pathogen gains access to body
eg resp, ailentmary system
doesnt always mean disease
-host may fight off infection
-depends on tissue health
-surgical wounds may have some damage , decreased blood supply may increase likeliness of infection
Virulence of pathogen means?

What is the goal of aseptic technique?
how well pathogen can invade a host (how infective how fast)
-how well/fast can produce toxic substances
-invasiveness vs. ability to produce toxins

-break the chain of transmission
do all you can do
Local infections?
Generalized?
bacteremia?
septicemia
pyemia
confined, eg. abscesses
systemic infections - pathogen has spread thru out body via blood stream
- bacteremia
- presence of bac in blood
-septicemia
- when bac grow and reproduce in blood stream

Pyemia-
- when pus forming bac uses bloodstream to spread.
systemic infections
-toxemia
-subclinical infections

host resistance
if toxic substance enter the blood

-no clin. signs, infection may be present but is controlled by hostdefense mechanism

2ndary infection can occur when primary infection lowers host resistance.
host resistance
signs of infection
local - warm, red, painful, rest of body ok

systemic? fever, increased pulse, and metabolic rate, and leukocytosis
-stress of anesthetic , surgery , or other underlying disease can weaken the hosts local and systemice immune response allowing infection to take place.
Species resistance
-host specific

zoonotic
individual resistance.
-pathogens limited to one or two species or host under norm conditions (parvo, in dogs doesn't affect cats or people.)

-can be affected by age, gender, nutritional statre, amount of stress etc -pups likely to get kennel cough
anatomic barriers?

Phagocytosis and inflam response
scratching breaks skin barrier more likely to get 2ndary infection
-infection of skin, kucous membranes and anti microbial substances produced by glands in area.
-unbroken skin, hair , eyelashes, etc are protective
-ears have bacterial enzymes
-stomach acid


- come into play if barriers are broken
-phagocytosis
- neutrophil -ingest and destroy microbes, prevents them from entering blood stream and spreading
Inflammation
reaction of body by an irritant
purpose
-protective device
-calls phagocytes and antibodies to site of injury or infection

harmful affects?
- if inflam. harms rathr than helps host.
-signs
-redness, heat sweating, pain, puss, can be very contagious
Humoral and cell mediated immunity
When organism has made it past first two lines of defense
-sefl vs nonself
nonself provokes immune response
nonspecific immuntiy
-resistance to a spec disease in w there are no demonstrateable antibodies
specific immunity or acquired immunity
-individuals that have provided antibodies or obtained antibodies already produced

humoral is mediated by antibiotics prodcued in cells by B lymphocytes

cell mediated doesn't involve antibiotics activates, killer cells, macrophages, lymphocytes,
most effective in killing viruses.
active acquired immunity


Passive acquired immuntiy
when an antigen enters the body and stimulates production of antibodies
not immediate, but is of long durationfrom infection if u get it once body recognizes it the 2nd time

- from mom.
-body obtains antibodies from outside source , immediate but short lived protection
placental , transfer colostrum
infection often produce immunity of longer duration than vaccination
T cells

B-cells
produced by thymus
cells can survive for years
regulate cell mediated immunity
protect against fungi, bac and cancer

-survive for only a few weeks
produce antibodies in humoral system
provide protection against bac, viruses, etc...