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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Disease
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process that negatively impacts the ability of an organism to function
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Microbe (microorgansim)
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living organism too small to see with the naked eye. cause disease
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infection
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detrimental results of invasion of a pathogen
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microflora or normal flora
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microbes that are normally found in healthy animals
ie e.coli in intestinal tract. |
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Resistance
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ability of an animal to overcome invasion by pathogens
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sepsis
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toxic products in blood. presence of pathogens or their toxic products in the blood or tissue of the patient
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asepsis
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complete absence of living pathogenic microbes
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sterile
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done by autoclave, an item that is void of microbes.
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non-sterile
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has not undergone sterilization
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surgical asepsis
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make sure everything in surgical site is clean
- techs. aimed at monitoring a surgical site or area of the body to ensure its free of all microbes. |
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medical asepsis
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techs. used to reduce the number and transmission of microbes.. handwashing, cleaning kennels. etc.
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contaminated (dirty)
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an item that has not been sterilized. Same as non sterile.
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3 levels of care aimed at achieving asepsis.
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Sanitation
- procedures designed to prevent disease and promote health. picking up poo, cleaning anal glands. *disinfection- use right cleaning products for places in clinic. -application of a substance that destroys or inhibits the growth of microbes -static or cidal. -will not kill all microbes, but will significantly reduce the numbers. * Sterilization - process to rid an object of all living microbes -autoclave. |
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Cold sterilization
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don't usually use for sterilization.
-uses a disinfectant solution to reduce the level of contamination. -under ideal conditions some chem. disinfectants will sterilize but usually not. -program needs to be developed in hospitals to ensure a low level of microorganisms to decrease the chance of infection. |
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small % of microbes capable of causing disease.
-microorganism (protists) details? general characteristics? members? mycoplasmas, chlamydia, rickettsiae? |
have both rna and dna
bac dont have distinctive nucleus general characteristics: -unicellular, capable of rapid growth -can rapidly adapt to changes in the environment (heat , cold, disinfectant, antibiotics) members -algae, protozoa, fungi, and bac mycoplasmas, chlamydia , rickettsiae - fit between bac and viruses. |
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Bacteria?
3 shapes? what determines gram stain? examples of bac? |
unicellular
3 basic shapes? -coccus (spherical -bacillus spirillium (spiral) composition of cell wall determines reaction to gram stain example of bac. disease? - tuberculosis, brucellosis |
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Rickettsiae?
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usually live inside cell depend on cells of host 4 reproduction=killed by tetracycline, doxycycline.
obligate intracellular parasites -athropods used as vectors or hosts -eg. rocky mountain spotted fever, canine erilichiosis, heartwater of cattle, sheep etc. |
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Chlamiydiae?
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obligate intracellular parasites
eg. cat scratch fever, feline pneumonitis |
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Mycoplasmosas
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smallest free living organisms known
-no cell wall, relatively resistant to antibitotics -can cause mastitis and pneumonia and arthritis |
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viruses
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rna or dna not both
-no enzyme system obligate intraccellular parasite -use host cells to replicate - cause disease in host -implicated in causing cancer eg. rabies, canine distemper, canine hepatitis. and parvo -must live inside cells, hard for body 2 find because of this. |
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hereditary disease?
congenital disease? |
genetically transferred from parent to offspring, eg hemophilia
congenital disease? can be due to mom getting virus while carrying baby. -disease states that occur during pregnancy or embryo fetal development -exposure to toxins and viruses eg. cleft palate. |
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Contagious/ infectious disease?
-prevention of nosocomial infection |
-infx from hospital
prevention result of aseptic techniques desired. -infectious disease isnt so aggressive that it kills the host. -balance w host eg.. metazoans, fleas ticks, intestinal worms, protozoans, fungi |
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fungal disease?
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-ie ringworm can be aerosilized.
involve superficial tissue -usually spread by direct contact -histoplasmosis- bird droppings in soil, systemic fungal disease. |
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bacterial disease?
higher bac? simple bac? |
higher bac
-resemble fungal disease-slow to progress, chronic in nature eg tuberculosis simple bacteria? -usually associated w acute disease often produce endotoxins (salmonella) or exotoxins (clostridium tetani) produce other toxins that promote further tissue damage and infection -elicit a strong host response leading to antibody formation |
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Endogenous microbe?
Exogenous microbe? |
microbe norm found in body
can cause disease if hosts immune system is suppressed or if microbe is transferred to part of body in which it doesn't norm live. like w animal on chronic steroids, cat w FIV -microbe from outside the body -cause infection by being exposed to it. |
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Passive carrier?
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animal infected w pathogen and discharges pathogen for long time w/o showing clin signs -may not know they are sick but spreading dz
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active carrier
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discharges pathogen for long period of time after it has recovered from clin symptoms
- can also release pathogens during incubational or convalescent period. |
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means of transportation?
Invasion of host means? |
portal of entry
break in skin -point at w exogenous pathogen gains access to body eg resp, ailentmary system doesnt always mean disease -host may fight off infection -depends on tissue health -surgical wounds may have some damage , decreased blood supply may increase likeliness of infection |
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Virulence of pathogen means?
What is the goal of aseptic technique? |
how well pathogen can invade a host (how infective how fast)
-how well/fast can produce toxic substances -invasiveness vs. ability to produce toxins -break the chain of transmission do all you can do |
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Local infections?
Generalized? bacteremia? septicemia pyemia |
confined, eg. abscesses
systemic infections - pathogen has spread thru out body via blood stream - bacteremia - presence of bac in blood -septicemia - when bac grow and reproduce in blood stream Pyemia- - when pus forming bac uses bloodstream to spread. |
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systemic infections
-toxemia -subclinical infections host resistance |
if toxic substance enter the blood
-no clin. signs, infection may be present but is controlled by hostdefense mechanism 2ndary infection can occur when primary infection lowers host resistance. |
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host resistance
signs of infection |
local - warm, red, painful, rest of body ok
systemic? fever, increased pulse, and metabolic rate, and leukocytosis -stress of anesthetic , surgery , or other underlying disease can weaken the hosts local and systemice immune response allowing infection to take place. |
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Species resistance
-host specific zoonotic individual resistance. |
-pathogens limited to one or two species or host under norm conditions (parvo, in dogs doesn't affect cats or people.)
-can be affected by age, gender, nutritional statre, amount of stress etc -pups likely to get kennel cough |
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anatomic barriers?
Phagocytosis and inflam response |
scratching breaks skin barrier more likely to get 2ndary infection
-infection of skin, kucous membranes and anti microbial substances produced by glands in area. -unbroken skin, hair , eyelashes, etc are protective -ears have bacterial enzymes -stomach acid - come into play if barriers are broken -phagocytosis - neutrophil -ingest and destroy microbes, prevents them from entering blood stream and spreading |
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Inflammation
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reaction of body by an irritant
purpose -protective device -calls phagocytes and antibodies to site of injury or infection harmful affects? - if inflam. harms rathr than helps host. -signs -redness, heat sweating, pain, puss, can be very contagious |
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Humoral and cell mediated immunity
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When organism has made it past first two lines of defense
-sefl vs nonself nonself provokes immune response nonspecific immuntiy -resistance to a spec disease in w there are no demonstrateable antibodies specific immunity or acquired immunity -individuals that have provided antibodies or obtained antibodies already produced humoral is mediated by antibiotics prodcued in cells by B lymphocytes cell mediated doesn't involve antibiotics activates, killer cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, most effective in killing viruses. |
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active acquired immunity
Passive acquired immuntiy |
when an antigen enters the body and stimulates production of antibodies
not immediate, but is of long durationfrom infection if u get it once body recognizes it the 2nd time - from mom. -body obtains antibodies from outside source , immediate but short lived protection placental , transfer colostrum infection often produce immunity of longer duration than vaccination |
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T cells
B-cells |
produced by thymus
cells can survive for years regulate cell mediated immunity protect against fungi, bac and cancer -survive for only a few weeks produce antibodies in humoral system provide protection against bac, viruses, etc... |