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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What anatomical structures does the CNS compose?
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The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
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What does the peripheral nervous system compose?
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The PNS is composed by the peripheral nerves and the ganglia.
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Name three very general functions of the sympathetic nervous system.
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Three general functions of the sympathetic nervous system:
* Fight or flight * Physical activity * Induces the body's stress response |
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Name three very general functions of the parasympathetic nervous system.
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Three general functions of the parasympathetic nervous system:
* Rest * Minimizes energy use * Maintenance functions (i.e. digestion, excretion) |
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The parasympathetic nerves are generally high/low on the spine while motor neurons are high/low.
Pick high or low, respectively. Why is this the case? |
The parasympathetic nerves are generally high on the spine while motor neurons are low.
The parasympathetic system is responsible for maintenance systems of the body--systems which are of, generally, higher importance than motor functions. Having the parasympathetic system higher on the spine increases its protection from damage. |
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Describe the concept of "dual innervation".
Give some examples of systems which exhibit "dual innervation". |
Dual innervation occurs when both sympathetic (fight/flight, physical activity) and parasympathetic (rest, maintenance/repair, energy decrease) systems innervate the same organ. Both parasympathetic and sympathetic systems provide the organ with opposite effects in relation to one another.
Examples of systems which exhibit dual innervation: * Breathing (can be increased or relaxed) * Digestion (can be more or less active) |
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Name some effects of the parasympathetic system.
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A selection of parasympathetic system effects:
* Blood pressure, breathing, heart rate = normal * Active digestion * Relaxed muscles * Skin temperature = warm |
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Name some effects of the sympathetic system.
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A selection of effects of the sympathetic system:
* Blood flow diverted to muscles * Increased blood glucose levels for immediate energy * Increased heart rate, oxygen exchange * Cold, sweaty skin * Dilated pupils |
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Describe the "two neuron chain" with respect to the autonomic nervous system.
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Two Neuron Chain in the Autonomic Nervous System
PARASYMPATHETIC PATHWAY * Pre-ganglionic neuron > parasympathetic post-ganglionic neuron SYMPATHETIC PATHWAY * Pre-ganglionic neuron > sympathetic post-ganglionic neuron |
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The pre-ganglionic neuron occurs in the CNS/PNS. What does the pre-ganglionic terminal make contact with?
The post-ganglionic neuron occurs in the CNS/PNS. What does the post-ganglionic terminal make contact with? |
The pre-ganglionic neuron occurs in the CNS and its terminal is the "receiving end" of the post-ganglionic neuron.
The post-ganglionic neuron occurs in the PNS and its terminal is the effector organ. |
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Name all the neurotransmitters for the efferent nervous system. Do this only for the starred systems.
1) Somatic * 2) Autonomic 2.1) Pre-ganglionic* 2.2) Post-ganglionic* - Parasympathetic* - Sympathetic* |
Neurotransmitters in the efferent nervous system.
1) Somatic: Acetylcholine 2) Autonomic 2.1) Pre-ganglionic: Acetylcholine 2.2) Post-ganglionic: - Parasympathetic: Acetylcholine (all) - Sympathetic: Norepinephrine (most) |
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What are the differences and similarities between the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems in the efferent PNS?
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SIMILARITIES
Both parasympathetic and sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons release acetylcholine to the nicotinic cholinergic receptors on the post-ganglionic neuron. DIFFERENCES * Parasympathetic PNS: The post-ganglionic neuron releases acetylcholine to muscarinic cholinergic receptors. * Sympathetic PNS: The post-ganglionic neuron releases norepinephrine/epinephrine to adrenergic receptors. |
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What is the adrenal medulla? Does it belong to the CNS or the PNS? How is its innervation different? Is it sympathetic or parasympathetic?
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The adrenal medulla is a different form of PNS sympathetic innervation. The pre-ganglionic terminal effects the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. When the chromaffin cells are activated, they produce norepinephrine and epinephrine which is released into the blood. Norepinephrine and epinephrine released from the adrenal medulla eventually bind with adrenergic receptors.
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Describe all four neurotransmitter pathways wrt pre/post ganglions for the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. There are a total of four.
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* Somatic nervous system:
1) Pre-ganglionic neuron secretes acetylcholine which is received by muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the post-ganglionic neuron. The post-ganglionic neuron secretes acetylcholine to muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the effector organ. * Autonomic A) Sympathetic (autonomic) A.1) Post-ganglionic neuron secretes acetylcholine to muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the post-ganglionic neuron. The post-ganglionic neuron secretes norepinephrine/epinephrine to adrenergic receptors on the effector organ. A.2) Post-ganglionic neuron secretes acetylcholine on muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the adrenal medulla. The adrenal medulla synthesizes norepinephrine/epinephrine and secretes both into the blood--eventually making contact with adrenergic receptors on effector organs. This system has wide-spread effects due to its presence in the circulatory system. B) Parasympathetic (autonomic) Pre-ganglionic neuron secretes acetylcholine to muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the post-ganglionic neuron. Post-ganglionic neuron secretes acetylcholine to muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the effector organ. |
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Which general type of target cells host nicotinic receptors?
Which type of target cells host muscarinic receptors? |
Skeletal muscle and ganglionic neurons are tissues featuring nicotinic receptors. Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels.
Muscarinic receptors, however, are found on tissues mostly involved with parasympathetic processes. Muscarinic receptors are coupled with G-proteins. |
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Define "agonist".
Give two examples. |
Agonist: A structurally similar chemical substance that binds to a receptor and activates that receptor.
Agonist examples: * Nicotine on nicotinic receptors * Muscarine on Muscarinic receptors |
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Define "antagonist".
Give two examples. |
Antagonist: A structurally similar chemical substance that binds to a receptor without causing activation.
Antagonist examples: * Curare on nicotinic receptors * Atropine on muscarinic receptors |
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What does muscarine do? What type of receptors does it act on? Give an example of its affect.
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Muscarine blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors which inhibits the parasympathetic system. An example of its affect is prolonged stomach or heart contractions.
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What does curare do? What type of receptors does it act on? Give an example of its affect.
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Curare is an antagonist for nicotinic receptors of the somatic system and inhibits conscious muscle contractions. Curare is often used as a local anesthetic, and has to be applied directly to the muscle via injection or an open wound.
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What does atropine do? What type of receptors does it act on? Give an example of its affect.
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Atropine works on muscarinic nicotinic receptors and inhibits the sympathetic system. A common use for atropine is as eye drops before an eye exam to dilate the pupils. It is often used as a calming agent for tremors and muscle rigidity, for example, in Parkinson's disease.
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