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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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NOCSAE
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Nation Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment
-Sets standards for helmet safety |
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Off the Shelf v. Custom
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-pre-made, used immediately, one size fits all, cheap
-personalized, expensive |
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What is one way that a helmet can be checked for snugness?
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Inserting a credit card between the head and the liner
-if proper fit there should be a resistance. |
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Three types of chin straps
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2-snap, 4-snap, 6-snap
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Helmet Fitting
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-Hair should be wet
-Base of skull is covered -FACEMASK2-3 fingers from nose -Check earholes -1-2 finger widths above eyebrows -SHIFT TEST |
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Throat protection prevents what kind of injury?
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Laryngotracheal Injury
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What are the three types of mouth guards?
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▪ Stock
▪ Commercial (formed following submersion in water) ▪ Custom (fabricated from dental mold) |
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What do mouth guards do?
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-Protect teeth
-absorb chin blows -can prevent concussion |
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Two types of football shoulder pads?
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-Cantilevered = bulkier and used by those engaged in blocking and tackling
-Non-cantilevered - do not restrict motion (quarterback and receivers) |
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Toe Box?
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Space for toes (1/2 to 3/4 inch)
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Sole-
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Provide shock absorption and durable
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Heel Counter -
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prevents medial and lateral roll of foot
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Shoe Uppers-
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for appropriate ventilation, drying and support
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Arch Support -
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durable but soft and supportive to foot
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When are you most at risk for an ACL tear?
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between 20-0 degrees of flexion
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Prophylactic Brace
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Preventative
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Rehabilitative Brace
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Protected motion of injury
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Functional Brace
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Stability- protection after repairs
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Unloader/Off loader
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Pain relief in arthritic knees
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Passive Brace
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Reacts after instability occurs
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Dynamic Brace
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Actively protects against instability @ all times!
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Why Brace?
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To protect a healing graft
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Neoprene Brace?
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Used by those that have sustained collateral ligament injuries
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Trauma
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physical injury produced by an external or internal force
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Load
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external force acting on an internal force
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Stiffness
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ability to resist a load
-Greater stiffness = greater magnitude load can resist |
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stress
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internal resistance to an external load
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Strain
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extent of tissue deformation under loading
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Deformation
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change in shape of a tissue
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Yield Point
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Elastic limit of tissue
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What are the Five types of tissue loading?
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Compression, Bending, shearing, torsion, tension (CBS_TT)
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Compression
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force that results in tissue
crush -two external loads applied towards one another (jaws) |
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Bending
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force on a horizontal beam that places stress within the structure
- can result in fractures |
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Shearing
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force that moves across the parallel organization of tissue
-skin abrasions, vertebral disk injuries |
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Tension
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force that pulls and stretches tissue
-Muscle strains, Ligament Sprains |
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Torsion
(tissue loading) |
Forces twist in opposite directions from opposite ends
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Stretching
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pull beyond yield point
resulting in damage |
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Muscle Strain
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A stretch, tear, or rip in the muscle or its tendon
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Grade 1 Muscle Strain
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Some muscle fibers have been stretched, tenderness, full range of motion is possible
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Trauma v. Overuse
(Acute v. Chronic) |
-acute v. chronic
2-3 days v. past the first 72 hours -swelling |
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Grade 2 Muscle Sprain
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A number of muscle fibers have been torn, painful, depression can be felt, range of motion decreased
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Grade 3 Muscle Sprain
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Complete rupture of muscle!
Loss of movement! 1st intense pain-> then complete nerve fiber separation |
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Acute ONset Muscle Soreness
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fatigue, during and immediately after exercise
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Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)
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most intense 24-48 hours after work out
-symptom free after 3-4 days |
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How many pounds can tendons produce and maintain?
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8,700- 18,000 lbs/in2
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What is the breaking point of the tendon?
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Breaking point occurs at 6-8% of increased length
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Myositis/fascitis
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inflammation of muscle tissue
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Tendinitis
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inflammation of the tendon
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Tenosynovitis
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inflammation of the tendon and its synovial sheath
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tendinosis
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breakdown of a tendon without inflammation
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Contusion
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Compression of soft tissue that results in bleeding surrounding tissues
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Ecchymosis
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Bluish-purple discoloration of the skin
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Myositis Ossificans
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Calcium deposited in an area where it isn't supposed to be
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Atrophy
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Don't use it, you lose it.
-wasting away of muscle tissue -immobilization |
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Contracture
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abnormal shortening of muscle tissue
-great deal of resistance to passive stretch |
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Synovial Joints
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articulations of two bones surrounded by a joint capsule lined with a synovial membrane
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Synarthrotic Synovial Movement-
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immovable
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Diarthrotic Synovial Joint-
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freely moveable (synovialarticulations)
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Amphiarthrotic Synovial JOint MOvement
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slightly moveable
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Ball and socket
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- allows movement in all plane (hip)
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Gliding
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- all sliding back and forth (carpal joints)
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Saddle
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-reciprocally convex-concave(carpometacarpal joint of thumb)
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Condyloid
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- elliptical convex and concave articulation (wrist)
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Pivot
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- rotation about and axis (cervical atlas and axis)
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Hinge
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- allows for flexion and extension (elbow)
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What is a ligament?
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Connection between two bones
-strong in the middle weak at the ends |
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Grade 1 Ligament Sprain
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-stretching of fibers, mild pain, joint stiffness
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Grade 2 Ligament Sprain
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some tearing, moderate instability of the joint, moderate pain
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Grade 3 Ligament Sprain
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Total tearing!
-Subluxation, first lots of pain then no mail b/c of disrupted nerve fibers. |
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Subluxation
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Bone pops out and then pops back in.
-Keep warm and play, then ice down |
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Dislocation
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Bone forced out of alignment
-have to pull out to put back in -AT's can not do this!!! |
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Osteoarthritis
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Wearing down of hyaline cartilage
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Bursitis
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Inflammation of bursae
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Flat bones
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skull, ribs, scapulae
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Long bones
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humerus, ulna, tibia, radius, fibula, femur
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Short bones
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wrist and ankle
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Irregular bones
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vertebrae and skull
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Diaphysis
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main shaft of the long bone
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Epiphysis
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Located at the end of long bones
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Periosteum
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Covers long bones
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Closed fractures
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Fracture does not penetrate superficial tissue
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Open fractures-
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displacement of fractured ends and breaking through the skin
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Greenstick Fracture
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Incomplete Break
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Comminuted Fracture
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Fragmented Bone - car accident
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Linear Fracture
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Bone splits along its length
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Transverse Fracture
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Straight line, horizontally, @ right angles
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Oblique Fracture
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One end of bone receives torsion while other end is fixed
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Spiral Fracture
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S-Shaped separation
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Impacted Fracture
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A smash of one bone into another
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Epiphyseal Conditions
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injury to the growth plate,
-occur most often in children ages 10-16 years old -Classified by Salter-Harris into five types |
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Two main causes of Nerve Trauma
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compression and tension
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What kind of injury can pain be referred?
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Nerve
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The healing Process
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-Inflammatory Response
-Fibroblastic Repair Phase -Maturation-Remodeling Phase |
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Signs of Inflammation
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Redness, Swelling, Tenderness,Temp., and loss of function
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Vasoconstriction
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-immediate vascular response to tissue damage,
-last 5-10 mins -Decrease in diameter of a blood vessel |
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Factors that Impede Healing
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Infection, atrophy, edema, muscle spasm, hemorrhage, scaring
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Acute Pain
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Lasts less than six months
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Chronic Pain
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longer than 6 months
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Conditions that interfere with fracture healing
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Poor blood supply, poor immobilization, infection, soft tissues
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