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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is a brain tumor
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tumors that grow in an uncontrolled manner within the confines of the brain
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brain tumors can spread to where
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brain or spinal cord
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what are the 2 cat of brain tumors
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primary brain tumors
metastatic brain tumors |
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what are the 4 main structures of the brain
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cerebrum
cerebellum pons medulla oblongata |
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what is the largest area of the brain
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cerebrum
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how many lobes are in each hemisphere of the cerebrum
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4
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cerebrum is composed of `
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white and gray matter
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what are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum hemisphere
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frontal
parietal temporal occipital |
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what is the second largest are of the brain
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cerebellum
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the cerebellum connects to the
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brain stem
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what does the cerebellum control
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skilled muscular coordination
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what does the pons coordinate
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activities of the cerebrum and the cerebellum by relaying impulses between them
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the pons houses..
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the major motor and tactile sensory nuclei for the trigeminal nerve
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what 4 nerves emerge from the border between the pons and the medulla
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abducens
facial vestibulocochlear cranial |
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what does the medulla oblongata control
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breathing
heart beat vomiting |
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the medulla oblongata is the link between what 3 things
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pons
spinal cord cerebellum |
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medulla oblongata contains the origins of what 4 nerves
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9
10 11 12 |
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what seperates the supratentorial and infratentorial compartments
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tentorium
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damage to the Broca causes what
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expressive aphasia
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where is the motor speech area of Broca located
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dominant frontal lobe
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what part of the brain is associated with short term memory
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anterior part of the temporal lobe
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what part of the brain is associated with primary visual corted
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medial and inferior surface occipital pole
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the dorsal plate houses what
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superior and inferior colliculi
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what is the only cranial nerve that exists from the dorsal plate
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trochlear nerve
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the diencephalon consists of what
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thalamus and pineal region
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symptoms of primary brain depend on
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tumor expansion and surrounding edema
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edema is found in
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mets
astrocytoma menigniomas oligodendrogliomas |
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what is blastoma
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malignant tumor whose cells have undeveloped characteristics
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what is glioma
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general name for a tumor that arises from connective tissue of the brain
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is glioma benign or malignant
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both
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what does grade indicate
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degree of malignancy
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grade is based on what 3 things
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tendency to spread
growth rate similarity to normal cells |
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frequency of brain tumors increases with
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age
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metastatic brain tumors are more common in
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adults
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what is the 2nd most common cause of cancer death in children
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primary malignant brain tumors
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what % will develop brain mets
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20-40%
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what is the cause of primary brain cancer
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unknown
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what is a risk factor in meningiomas
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prior ionizing radiation
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what 5 are the most common childhood tumors
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astrocytomas
medulloblastoma glioblastoma ependymoma optic nerve glioma |
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what are the 8 most common adult tumors
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met brain tumors
glioblastoma anaplastic astrocytoma low grade astrocytoma meningioma pituitary schwannoma oligodendroglioma |
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what 4 adult tumors are benign
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meningioma
pituitary schwanoma oligodendrogliomas |
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what are some symptoms
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increased intracranial pressure
vomiting muscle weakness dysphagia papilledema |
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what is papilledema
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puffy optic disk
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what is hydrocephalus
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blockage of the flow of CSF
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what are the steps of diagnostic work up
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clinical history
general physical examination complete neurologic eval imaging lab studies |
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what imaging is done for brain
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CT with contrast
MRI with gadolinium |
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is MRI or CT more diagnostic
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MRI
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what is CT good for showing
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bleeding
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what is used for brain tumor staging
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american joint committee on cancer
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what is used for medulloblastoma staging
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chang et al.
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what 5 places to primary intracranial tumors arise from
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brain (ectoderm)
cranial nerves meninges (mesoderm) pituitary vessels(mesoderm) |
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how many types of brain tumors are there
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19
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what are the 4 primary spinal cord tumors
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extradural
intradural extramedullary intramedullary |
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what are the prognostic factors for malignant astrocytomas (pre-irradiation)
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age
tumor type performance status extent of surgery |
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prognosis for pediatric patients varies with
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age at diagnosis
location of tumor histology |
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what must be monitored frequently during treatment
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medications
performance and neurologic status blood values social status |
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what are used pre op, post op, and during early irradiation to decrease cerebral edema
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glucocorticoids
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what are the 4 standard therapies
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surgery
RT chemo immunotherapy |
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what are the 4 purposes of surgey
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removes as much visible tumor as possible
establish exact diagnosis determine extent of tumor provide access for other treatments |
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what are the 4 types of RT
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conventional external beam therapy
radiosurgery/stereotactic brachy particles |
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what are the 3 ways RT can be delivered w/i the CNS
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fractionated external beam
small field stereotactic interstitial brachy |
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therapy usually starts how long after surgery
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2-4 weeks
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what is the dose for primary CNS tumors
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50-60 Gy
64.8 Gy with 3D conformal |
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what are the pertinent anatomic landmarks
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external acoustic meatus
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