Prin Of Med - Nervous System

Front 1

The nervous system is comprised of:

Back 1

1.Neurons
2. Supporting Structures

Front 2

Neurons are comprised of:

Back 2

1. Cell bodies
2. Dendrites (carry signal to cell body)
3. Axon (carry signal away from cell body)

Front 3

Most cells have an electrical gradient accross their membranes, but only two types of cells can depolarize. Which are they?

Back 3

Muscle cells and neurons

Front 4

What about certain neurons make their conduction speed faster?

Back 4

Being myelinated, as they don't need to open as much gated channels because they can jump.

Front 5

What is the major excitatory NT and how does it work?

Back 5

Glutamate- attaches on chemically gated channel and allows Na to rush in

Front 6

What is the major inhibitory NT and how does it work?

Back 6

GABA acts on GABAa/b channels and allows Cl- to rush in, therefore hyperpolarizing the cell and creating a higher gradient which makes it harder to depolarize.

Front 7

The nervous system has no stored energy and can no undergo anaerobic metabolism therefore it requires:

Back 7

1.Glucose
2. Oxygen

Front 8

What are the two main NT of the peripheral Nervous System?

Back 8

Ach and NE

Front 9

WHat are the two main NT of the CNS?

Back 9

GABA and Glutamate

Front 10

Why is it important to determine if it is a peripheral or central NS disease?

Back 10

Because CNS disease usually have poorer prognosis.

Front 11

What do you called groups of neurons that are bundled together, but are found OUTSIDE the CNS?

Back 11

nerves

Front 12

What do you call groups of neurons that are bundled together and are found INSIDE the CNS?

Back 12

Tracts

Front 13

What do you call a group of NCBs that are found OUTSIDE the CNS?

Back 13

Ganglia

Front 14

What do you call a group of NCBs that are found INSIDE the CNS?

Back 14

Nuclei

Front 15

The cerebral cortex can be divided into two parts- what are they?

Back 15

Grey and White Matter

Front 16

What is the grey matter comprised of?

Back 16

NCBs that respond to stimuli in a conscious (voluntary) way.

Front 17

What is the white matter comprised of?

Back 17

axons that deliver the signals to the NCBs or transmit signals back to the body

Front 18

What must the stimuli pass through to get to the cerebral cortex?

Back 18

ARAS
Ascending Reticular Activating System

Front 19

When we are asleep, we are technically unconscious- what has happened physiologically to make this occur?

Back 19

the ARAS has been dampened.

Front 20

A true seizure must have been initiated where?

Back 20

Cerebral cortex

Front 21

If you are presented with a patient that has Ataxia of the head and limbs, what part of the CNS has been affected?

Back 21

Cerebellum

Front 22

If you are presented with a patient that has Head Tilt, Circling and Nystagmus, what part of the CNS has been affected?

Back 22

-Vestibular Nerve or Nucleus
-Part of cerebellum

Front 23

Describe symptoms of ataxia.

Back 23

Uncoordination in the limbs AND head/neck

(wide stance, bobbing head when eating, eye lids twitching)

Front 24

In what animal is pendular nystagmus normal?

Back 24

Siamese cats

Front 25

How does pendular nystagmus differ from jerk nystagmus?

Back 25

There is no fast/short phase

Front 26

In jerk nystagmus, what phase is always AWAY from the lesion?

Back 26

Fast phase

Front 27

What is controlling (telling) the eye to jerk back in jerk nystagmus?

Back 27

Vestibular apparatus

Front 28

If a dog was taking very small/careful steps with his back legs, would you call it UMN or LMN?

Back 28

LMN- True weakness of the muscles.

Diminished reflexes, less use of legs, weaker muscles (flaccid paralysis)

Front 29

If you saw a dog taking very wide loopy strides with his back hindlimbs, would it be UMN or LMN?

Back 29

UMN

Front 30

A dog sitting with his two hindlimbs sticking straight out between his two front limbs is a common position for dogs with UMN or LMN disease?

Back 30

UMN - spastic paralysis

Front 31

If a mature dog demonstrates the cross-extensor reflex (pinching one leg and the other extends out), what is this characteristic of? UMN or LMN?

Back 31

UMN (gets inhibited as dog gets older)

Front 32

What do segmental spinal reflexes help determine?

Back 32

They help localize the damage in the spinal cord.

Front 33

Reflexes can be rated 0-4. What does each number mean?

Back 33

0-absent
1-diminished
2- normal
3-exaggerated
4- clonus (repetitive)

Front 34

A normal segmental reflex is the result of both stimulation and _______.

Back 34

Inhibition

Front 35

In the normal efferent nerve, GABA in the spinal cord is doing what to it?

Back 35

Inhibiting it

Front 36

Describe LMN disease.

Back 36

When damage to the spinal cord is in the segment where a specific reflex occurs, and the reflex is therefore diminished (hyporeflexic)

Front 37

Describe UMN disease

Back 37

When damage to the spinal cord occurs cranial to the spinal cord segment where a specific reflex occurs- the reflex in question will therefore be exaggerated (hyperreflexic) because the inhibitory signals will be lost.

Front 38

LMN disease can also be described as a problem with any neuron that _______ the CNS.

Back 38

Leaves

Front 39

UMN disease can also be described as a problem with any neuron that ________ in the CNS.

Back 39

Remains

Front 40

If a patient had spinal cord damage in the region of the brachial plexus, it would have _______ disease in the front limbs and ______ disease in the hindlimb

Back 40

1. LMN
2. UMN

Front 41

Define proprioception

Back 41

The conscious ability to know position in space

Front 42

Which tract is the easiest to damage?

Back 42

Proprioceptive tract

Front 43

What is the second tract that is easiest to damage?

Back 43

Superficial pain and voluntary motor

Front 44

What's the hardest tract to damage?

Back 44

Deep pain

Front 45

How would you test the deep pain receptors?

Back 45

Pinch toe with hemostats HARD

Front 46

Is a dog withdrawing its paw after a pinch definitive of it having pain perception?

Back 46

NO. it could simply be a withdrawal reflex, which is unconscious. You would need to have a Yelp to ensure that pain perception is actually there.

Front 47

Why is the proprioception test always done first?

Back 47

Because its tract is the easiest to damage, so you check that one first to see if it is missing and continue down the list.

Front 48

Describe the path of conscious proprioception.

Back 48

Receptors in the joints are stimulated by motion which send signals to the spinal cord, which then transmits it to the cerebellum and then to the cerebral cortex.

The Cerebral cortex sends information back down to the LMN which then corrects any incorrect position.

Front 49

If damage to the proprioceptive tract occurs, what will this result in?

Back 49

Ataxia

Front 50

What is the prognosis for a patient with the lack of deep pain perception?

Back 50

<10% (VERY POOR)

Front 51

Define a seizure

Back 51

sudden, time limited, involuntary alteration in behavior, characterized by alterations in:

1) motor activity
2) consciousness
3) sensation
4) autonomic function (urination/bowel)

Front 52

Seizures are indicative of damage or issues in what part of the nervous system?

Back 52

Cerebral Cortex (excluding olfactory lobe) + some degree of basal ganglia (can retrograde)

Front 53

True epileptic seizures are classified as?

Back 53

Tonic-Clonic

Front 54

List the 4 types of seizures

Back 54

1. Partial (Focal)
2. Partial to generalized
3. Generalized
4. Status

Front 55

Which type of seizure is life threatening?

Back 55

Status

Front 56

What is the 2 main reasons as to why status seizures are life threatening?

Back 56

Hypoxia/hyperthermia

Front 57

What defines a status seizure?

Back 57

A seizure that lasts for more than 15 min. OR it is repeating seizures without coming back to consciousness in between

Front 58

Define Epilepsy:

Back 58

A condition that is characterized by recurrent seizures from a non-progressive intracranial cause

Front 59

How might epilepsy be acquired?

Back 59

Most often from cranial trauma

Front 60

If the cause of seizures is congenital, at what age should signs first show up?

Back 60

1-3years old

Front 61

Congenital seizures are the highest on the list for what species?

Back 61

Dogs (btwn 1-3 years old)

Front 62

What are some infections/inflammatory diseases that may cause seizures in cats?

Back 62

Toxoplasmosis
FeLV
FIP
cryptococcus

Front 63

What species/breed are most susceptible to seizures caused by hypoglycemia?

Back 63

Young Toy breed dogs

Front 64

What are some infectoins diseases that may cause seizures in dogs?

Back 64

1)Distemper
2)granulomatous infections meningeoencephalitis

Front 65

If you have an older dog showing up in your clinic presenting with seizures, what should be at the top of your list?

Back 65

Have a glucometer!

B cell pancreatic tumor

Front 66

What might cause osmolality changes which would lead to seizures?

Back 66

Ethylene Glycol ingestion- causes water to be sucked out of the brain

Front 67

What is another cause of seizures that should be at hte top of your list for older dogs and cats?

Back 67

Neoplasia

Front 68

What are the clinical stagesof Epilepsy?

Back 68

1. Aura
2. Ictus
3. Post-ictal phase
4. Normal interictal period

Front 69

What occurs in the Ictus phase?

Back 69

the actual seizure. Last less than 3 Min

Front 70

What stage of a seizure is potentially dangerous?

Back 70

Post-Ictal stage-

aggressive, blindness, confusion, disorentiation