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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Spread of Infection
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Source of Pathogens
Susceptible Host Route of Transmission |
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Infection Risk Categories
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Critical
Semi-critical Non-Critical |
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Critical
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Devices introduced into blood stream requires sterilization
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Semi-critical
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Devices contacting mucous membranes require high level disinfection
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Non-Critical
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Devices that contact only the skin or not at all required either detergent washing or low to intermediate disinfection
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Equipment Processing
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Removes Dirt and Organic Material
Steps Disassemble Equipment Wash With Germacide Detergent Rinse Well and Dry Residual Water Dilutes or Alters Subsequent Disinfection Changes pH of Disinfectants Creates Ethylene Glycol (Antifreeze) When Combined with Ethylene Oxide Gas Prevent Recontamination |
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Pasteurization
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Moist Heat at Temperatures Below Boiling
Coagulates Cell Proteins Kills All Vegetative Bacteria, Most Viruses Including HIV Does Not Kill Spores Requires Immersion of Equipment Problem is With Recontamination |
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Chemical Disinfection – Low Level
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Kills Most Bacteria and Some Viruses
Does Not Kill Resistant Microorganisms Like Tuberculosis and Spores Acetic Acid – White Vinegar (Good for Disinfection of Home-Care Equipment) Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Examples - Roccal, Lysoquat, TKO, and Zephiran Hospital Use is Mainly for Surface Areas |
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Chemical Disinfection – Intermediate Level
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Kills All Vegetative Bacteria Including Tuberculosis
Variable Activity Against Spores and Some Viruses Alcohols 70% Ethyl Alcohol and 90% Isopropyl Alcohol Inactivated by Protein Can Damage Rubber/Plastics Good for Surface Disinfection of Medicine Vial Tops/Stethoscopes/Resuscitation Mannequins Phenolics Remain Effective On Surfaces Long After Application Irritating, so Not Used on Items Exposed to Skin Iodophors Used in Low Concentrations as Antiseptics |
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Chemical Disinfection – High Level
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Kills All Microorganisms Except Spores
Alkaline Glutaraldehyde Requires Immersion |
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Requires Immersion
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Kills Vegetative Bacteria, Tuberculosis, Fungi and Viruses in 10 Minutes
Kills Common Spores (Sterilizes) in 3 Hours Must Be Activates and is Active for 28 Days Exposure Leads to Inflammation (Vapors Cause Epistaxis, Rhinitis, Asthma) Rinsing is Required or Tissue Inflammation Can Result |
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Chemical Disinfection – High Level
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.Hydrogen Peroxide
.Sodium Hypochlorite (Household Bleach) .Paracetic Acid |
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Hydrogen Peroxide
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Used as Wound Antiseptic
Bactericidal, Fungicidal, Virucidal in 10 Minutes at Room Temperature Recommended to clean up blood spills Kills Spores in 6 Hours if Heated |
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Sodium Hypochlorite (Household Bleach)
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Fast Acting, Inexpensive
Kills Vegetative Bacteria, Most Spores and Tuberculosis in 10 Minutes |
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Paracetic Acid
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Highly Effective but is Unstable and Corrosive to Some Metals
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Sterilization – Physical
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.Incineration (Burning
.Dry Heat (Oven) .Boiling Water (100OC) |
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Incineration (Burning)
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Destroys the Item
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Dry Heat (Oven)
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1-2 Hours at 160-180OC (320-356OF)
Good for Glass and Metal |
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Boiling Water (100OC)
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Kills Vegetative Bacteria and Viruses in 30 Minutes
Some Spores are Resistant If Water Boils Away and More is Added – Temperature Drops Water boils at Lower Temperature at Higher Altitudes Good for Home Use |
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Sterilization – Physical
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Autoclaving – Steam Under Pressure
Gay Lussac’s Gas Law In a Closed System, Increasing Pressure will Increase Temperature Pressure Cooker is Similar The Higher the Pressure and Temperature, the Faster the Sterilization (15 psi/121OC Will Sterilize in 15 Minutes) Equipment is Wrapped in Cloth or Paper for Steam to Penetrate. Packaging Prevents Recontamination After Sterilization Most Respiratory Therapy Equipment is Damaged by Autoclaving |
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Autoclaving
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Steam Under Pressure
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Sterilization – Physical
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Ionizing Radiation
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Ionizing Radiation
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X-Rays and Gamma Rays – Used for Commercial Sterilization of Disposable Supplies and Equipment
Ultraviolet Light – Used for Decontaminating Air Circulating into Operating Rooms, Nurseries, Isolation Wards, Bacteriologic Labs |
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Sterilization – Chemical Ethylene Oxide Gas (EtO)
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Most Respiratory Therapy Equipment is Sterilized by EtO
Potent Sterilizing Agent Effective at Room Temperature and Penetrates Packaging |
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Sterilization – Chemical Ethylene Oxide Gas (EtO)
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Problems
Exposure to Gas is Toxic (Airway Inflammation, Nausea, Diarrhea, Headache, Dizziness, Convulsions) Gas is Carcinogenic, Mutagenic, and Teratogenic) Combined with Water, EtO Forms Ethylene Glycol (Antifreeze) Is Explosive at Concentrations higher than 3% |
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Sterilization – Chemical Ethylene Oxide Gas (EtO)
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Aeration of Processed Equipment Allows For Removal of Residual EtO From Porous Materials After Sterilization
Gas and Aeration Chambers are Vented To the Outside Chemical and Biologic Indicator Strips Assure Monitoring of Exposure |
