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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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evolutionary trends of non-human primates |
1. increasing flexibility of hands and feet (except humans) 2. decreased reliance on smell, increased reliance on vision *stereoscopic binocular vision; depth perception 3. decrease in number of teeth, teeth increasingly generalized *heterodont, bilateral symmetry *primitive mammalians: 44 teeth (3-1-4-3) *humans and apes: 32 teeth (2-1-2-3)
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evolutionary trends of non-human primates (cont'd)
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4. increase in size and complexity of brain--> increase in behavioral complexity 5. slowing down of maturation; longer juvenile period 6. arboreal theory 7. visual predation hypothesis |
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arboreal theory |
primates evolved from their mammalian ancestors by adapting to arboreal life, or life in trees
-good depth perception -hands that are able to grasp |
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visual predation hypothesis |
primates evolved from their mammalian ancestors by adapting to a life foraging for fruit and insects nocturnally
-good depth perception -grasping hands |
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prosimians |
1. lemurs 2. lorises + galagos 3. tarsier
-rely more strongly on smell than other primates -at least one claw on each hand -no stereoscopic vision |
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lemurs |
-prosimian -Madagascar rainforest -nocturnal/diurnal -arboreal/terrestrial -solitary and social -small to medium size -mostly eat insects, some fruit+veg
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lorises + galagos |
-prosimian -India, Sri Lanka, southeast Asia, Africa -small -nocturnal -solitary -arboreal |
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tarsier |
-prosimian -SE asia tropical rainforest |
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anthropoids |
1. south american monkeys a. marmosets b. cebids c. slightly less evolved than african and asian monkeys 2. african and asian monkeys a. colobines b. cercopithecines -baboons, macaques 3. hominoids
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homonoids |
1. pongoids 2. hominids a. lesser apes -gibbons, siamangs b. greater apes -orangutans, gorillas and chimpanzees, hominins (humans and ancestors) c. hominins
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Pan troglodytes |
chimpanzee |
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pan paniscus |
bonobo |
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dominance heirarchy |
ranking of individuals in a group from highest to lowest; alpha, beta, etc.
increases social cohesion
advantages of being higher-ranking: 1. respect 2. protein 3. fertility |
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higher ranking females have... |
-longer lives -more offspring who survive to sexual maturity -offspring who sexually mature earlier |
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factors influencing rank |
-genetics? -rank of mother -play with peers |
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communication |
process by which the behavior of one animal affects the behavior of another
olfactory, vocal, nonvocal |
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The Gardners (1966) |
taught american sign language to 11-year-old Washoe captured from the wild at age 11
7months: using sentences with correct grammar 36 months: 86 signs, 51 months: 132 signs |
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The Rumbaughs Yerkes Primate Center |
created less flexible computer-based language for primates to communicate but it gave less opportunity for primates to innovate |
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Terrace |
primate trained: Nim Chimsky concluded that 40% of Nim's communication was simply based on subtle cues copied from the instructor -rapid turnover of >60 trainers -socially sterile environment -two 3-hour training sessions 5 days a week, otherwise left alone |
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positive results with Washoe's training with the Gardeners |
1. examples where no cueing involved 2. good understanding of word order 3. new words 4. Loulis |
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left planum temporale |
larger in humans than in primates; language? |
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capacity of chimp to learn language |
comparable to human 3-year old at best |
