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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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top 10 causes of death
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Heart disease
cancer stroke chronic lower respiratory accidents diabetes alzheimers influenza/pneumonia nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, nephrosis septicemia |
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top five for 35-44
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accidents
cancer heart suicide HIV assault |
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top five for 65 and over
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heart
cancer cerebrovascular chronic lower respiratory anzheimers diabetes influenza/pneumonia |
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third leading cause of death of men?
women? |
accidents
cerebrovascular diseases |
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women are relatively more likely to die of alzheimers than men... T or F
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T
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most common cuase of cancer death in women?
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lung
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leading causes of death across race groups
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heart disease #1 for all but PIs
cancer #1 for all but PIs |
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third leading cause of Latinos and Native Americans
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accidents
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% of GDP we spend on healthcare
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16
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what portion of medicare dollars are spont on the final year of live
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1/4
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savings ratio for water fluoridation
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1 spent 38 saved
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most cost-effective of all clinical preventive services
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smoking cessation
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savings ration for HIV, STD, pregnancy prevention programs
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2.65 to 1
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Healthy People 2010 objective on blood pressure
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50% controlled
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In healthy People 2010, what percent of adults with HTN had BP under control
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18%
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Healthy People 2010 objective for smoking cessation
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75% of smokers attempt quitting
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what is primary, secondary, tertiary prevention?
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primary = avoid development ( smoking cessation)
secondary = early detection, progression prevention (pap smear) Tertiary = reduce complications of established disease (opftho exams in DB) |
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mnemonic for excellent mthod to integrate prevention
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RISE
Risk assessment and Identification Immunization and Chemoprophylaxis Screening Education and Counseling |
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leading causes of death for a 20-24 year old white female
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accident
suicide cancer homicide heart disease congenitals pregnancy, childbirth, puerperium CVD DM Flu |
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instructions for TDap vaccine
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adolescents adn for up to age 65 every ten years
TD only for people over 65 |
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HPV vaccine instructions
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at age 11 or 12
for all females aged <26, even if history of genital warts, abnormal Pap or positive HPV DNA (because it may be other types) |
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what is effectiveness of HPV vaccine for woman with prior infection with HPV
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less beneficial for women with one or more of the HPV vaccine types
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number of doses in HPV vaccine series
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3
second dose 2 months after first third 6 months after second |
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when to get MMR
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all adults after 1956 shouold get one dose
Health care workers should get two pregnant women should get MMR if no/low immunity to rubella |
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can woman get pregnant at time of rubella vaccine
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no
wait 30 days |
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Varicella vaccine instructions
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all adults get 2 doses of single-antigen varicella vaccine
special consideration for health care personnel, family contacts of the immunocompromised second dose is 4-8 weeks after first |
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flu vaccine instructions
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all people annually at age 50
diabetics HIV Asthma nurshing home residents women in 2nd or 3rd trimester all health care workers household contacts of high-risk individuals |
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instructions for pneumo vaccine
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once at age 65 or older
younger patients with HIV asplenics chronic disease nursing home residents Native Americans Native Alaskans if HIV, renal disease, asplenia, 2nd vaccine after 5 years |
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hep A vaccine instructions
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MSM
residents of and travelers to high endemic areas people already infected with other heps or HIV |
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Hep B vaccine
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all under 18 not previously vaccinated
people with HIV, renal or liver disease sexually active people not in long term monogamy current or recent injection-drug users MSMs people getting STI tx all health care workers caregivers and contacts of those with Hep B |
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meningococcal vaccine instructions
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anatomic or functional asplenia
terminal complement component deficiencies first year college students microbiologists exposed to nm military recruits persons traveling to endemic areas (sub-Saharan africa during dry season (dec-june) travellers to Mecca during Hajj |
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Zoster vaccine instructions
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single dose at 60 or older unless a previous episode
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mnemonic for prevention practices
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RISE
Risk assessment and ID Immunization adn chemoprophylaxis Screening Education and counseling |
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what action should be taken if there is an adverse vaccine reaction
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reporting to CDC
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two considerations for chemoprophylaxis
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benefits outweigh harm
cost effectiveness |
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when is aspirin properly used as prophylaxis
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known cardiovascular disease (secondary)
primary use has more balanced risks and benefits |
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risks of aspirin
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intracranial and/or GI bleed
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does eneteric coated or buffered aspirin prevent risks
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no
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what conditions increase risk of aspirin use
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uncontrolled HTN
concomitant use of other NSAIDs or anticoagulants |
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what is the established dosage for aspirin prophylaxis
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not established
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what did hormone therapy increase the risk of
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breast cancer
strokes MI dementia DVT |
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what did hormone replacement help?
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colorectal cancer
osteoporitc fractures |
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when should antibiotics be used by cardiac valve patients
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prosthetic valves or partial reparis
previous endocarditis congenital heart disease transplant patients with valvulopathy |
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WHO principles of screening
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important health problem
tx exists facilities for diagnosis and tx exist there should be a latent stage there should be a test or exam test should be acceptable natural history of disease understood agreed policy on whom to treat cost of finding balanced in relation to entire expenditure case finding should be continuous |
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5 main criteria for screening (vs earlier WHO criteria)
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prevalence justifies screening
latent period acceptable methods of tx avail at good cost test and interventions effection high sensitivity |
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5 As for motivational counselling
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Assess
Advise Agree Assist Arrange |
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incidence of domestic violence among straight vs. gay partners
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same
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formula for PPV
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tru positives /(true positives plus false positives)
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formula for negative predictive value
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true negatives/ (true negatives plus false negatives)
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forumla for pretest probability
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proportion of people with the target disorder in the population at risk (= prevlance!)
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forumla for posttest probability
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for a positive test: number with disease/ number with positive test
for a negative test: number of people with disease/ number of people with a negative test |
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reliability
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consistent within itself across time
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validity
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degree to which the test actually measures what it claims to measure
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top 10 causes of death
|
Heart disease
cancer stroke chronic lower respiratory accidents diabetes alzheimers influenza/pneumonia nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, nephrosis septicemia |
|
|
top five for 35-44
|
accidents
cancer heart suicide HIV assault |
|
|
top five for 65 and over
|
heart
cancer cerebrovascular chronic lower respiratory anzheimers diabetes influenza/pneumonia |
|
|
third leading cause of death of men?
women? |
accidents
cerebrovascular diseases |
|
|
women are relatively more likely to die of alzheimers than men... T or F
|
T
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most common cuase of cancer death in women?
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lung
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|
|
leading causes of death across race groups
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heart disease #1 for all but PIs
cancer #1 for all but PIs |
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third leading cause of Latinos and Native Americans
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accidents
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% of GDP we spend on healthcare
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16
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what portion of medicare dollars are spont on the final year of live
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1/4
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USPSTF A
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offer or provide this service because there is high certainty of net benefit
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USPSTF B
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offer or provide this service because there is high certainty of moderate benefit or vice verse
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USPSTF C
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offer or provide this service only if other considerations support offering it
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USPSTF D
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discourage use of this service because the is moderate or high certainty fo no benefit OR harms outweight benefits
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USPSTF I
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insufficient evidence for offering this service
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USPSTF for screening children and adolescents for dyslipidemia
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I
(insufficient evidence) |
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what should a healthy sexually active 24 year old medical student be screened for: HSV? breast cancer? chlamydia
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chlamydia
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COPC principles for community intervention
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identify the community
identify a local health problem prioritize needs within community implement intervention involve community members in implementation evaluate impact modify future interventions |
