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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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top 3 actual causes of death in the U.S.
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1. tobacco
2. poor diet/physical activity 3. alcohol |
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over 50% of death in the U.S. are related to what
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health behavior
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BMI categories
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below 18.5 - underweight
18.5 - 24.9 - normal 25 - 29.9 - overweight 30 and above - obese |
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what percent of grain intake should be whole grains
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50% (normal intake is 6 servings)
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how much fiber should we consume each day
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more than 30 grams/day
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goal for percentage of total calories from fat
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20-35%
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what percent of our total calories should saturated fats be
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less than 10%
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what should be the goal for cholesterol intake
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less than 300 mg/day
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TLC diet saturated fat and cholesterol intake per day
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less than 7% of saturated fat
less than 200 mg of cholesterol |
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improves endothelial cell function and inhibits platelet aggregation
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fish oil - omega 3
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occurrence of an event in excess of normal expectancy
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epidemic
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3 types of ourbreak pattern
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point source
propagated outbreak continuous common source |
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this type of outbreak has individuals exposed to one source of infections in which there is a sudden peak in the incidence and a quick fall
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point source
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this type of outbreak has new cases continuing to occur which successively larger peaks reflecting person to person contact
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propagated outbreak
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this type of outbreak has exposure to the source being prolonged over an extended period of time with sharp down slop of the curve
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continuous common source
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most common microbial causes of foodborne disease in order of most cases
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norovirus
salmonella (nontyphoidal) EHEC |
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what is the order of microbial foodborne illness causing hospitalizations
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salmonella (nontyphoidal)
norovirus EHEC |
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most common foodborne illness
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norovirus
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foodborne illness causes infection with very low numbers, associated with animal products
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campylobacter
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long incubation period (1 to 2 weeks) with loose and watery stool
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giardia
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foodborne illness with fever and chills, associated with animal products
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salmonella
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foodborne illness with blood and pus in stools
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shigella
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associated with communitywide outbreaks caused by contaminated drinking water
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cryptosporidium
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causes very severe infection in unborn babies or people with immune system problems
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toxoplasma
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two foodborne illnesses with very short incubation periods (1-6 hours)
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S. aureus
B. cereus |
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foodborne illness associated with picnics
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S. aureus
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foodborne illness associated with rice, potatoes, and pasta
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B. cereus
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associated with improperly canned foods
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Clostridium botulinim
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foodborne illness associated with ground beef
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E. coli O157:H7
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foodborne illness associated with infected fish or shellfish
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vibrio parahaemolyticus
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two foodborne microbies with no GI manifestations
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C. botulinum
Hepatitis A |
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applies the age distribution of the population to the actual age-specific death rates of the different populations to be compared
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direct standardization
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standard death rates are applied to the corresponding age groups in the different populations, the result is an expected death rate for each population
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indirect standardization
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used when populations to be compared are small or when age-specific death rates are unavailable
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indirect standardization
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OSHA and NIOSH are under what governmental branch
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CDC
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job with highest number of fatal work injuries
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construction
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job with highest fatal work injury rate
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agriculture, forestry, fishing, hunting
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most common occupational lung disease is associated with what
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berylliosis - granuloma formation
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isocyanates are a common cause of what
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asthma - used in paints in automobile industry
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vinyl chloride is associated with what
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hemangiosarcoma
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associated with aplastic anemia
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benzene
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a young girl with severe fat malabsoorption due to CF, you are most concerned about her nutrition status of which mineral
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calcium - vitamin D can only be absorbed from food along with fat
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homocysteinemia can result from deficiency of which two vitamins
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vitamin B12
folate |
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which water-soluble vitamine functions as an antioxidant and is critical for collagen formation
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vitamin C
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a common cause of poisoning in children
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iron - accidental ingestion of iron supplements
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what mineral plays a role in energy production of mitochondria, antioxidant defense, iron metabolism, catecholamine formation, and cross-linking of collagen and elastin
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Copper
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what health consequences are due to zinc deficiency
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growth retardation
immune dysfunction impaired taste impaired wound healing |
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what is a nutrient that can be synthesized by the body, but becomes essential during pregnancy and first year of life
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choline
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what is deficient in a seven-month old breast-fed girl with epiphyseal enalargement of the wrists
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Vitamin D
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yyou come across a child with magenta tongue, angular stomatitis, and nasolabial sebnorrhea. what is deficient in this person
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ribflavin deficiency
*glossitis also seen |
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man presents with lower joints, has difficult getting up from a chair, and his shints are sensitive to touch with some petechiae. what is the diagnosis
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scurvy
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40 year vegan which contains no animal products for 20 years. patient is at high risk for which deficiency and corresponding health outcome
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vitamin B12 deficiency
anemia |
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which patient is at risk for low antioxidant intake
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no vegetables or fruit eaten
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a teenager is on a no fat diet, what vitamin deficiency is at risk
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fat-soluble vitamins
A,D,E, and K |
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if teenager only consumes two glasses of milk per day with cutting out cheese, what is concerning about the new diet plan
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increased risk of calcium deficiency
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in a patient with type 2 diabetes, a substance that competitively inhibits intestinal glucosidase activity would have what effect on glucose metabolism
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delayed glycemia response - inhibiting this enzyme reduces the efficiency of carbohydrate breakdown and delays uptake (but does not prevent it)
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how does starch from breakfast cereal cross the intestinal epithelium
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broken down to glucose by amylase and maltase to enter the absorptive enterocyte via active transport
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digestion of starch by amylase generates which compound
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glucose
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if it has been 4-5 hours since you have eaten a large meal, what metabolic activity is promoted in muscle
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glycogenolysis
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which product of macronutrient metabolism does not usually function as a substrate for gluconeogenesis
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fatty acids - amino acids are the major noncarbohydrate for gluconeogenesis
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insulin promotes glycogenesis by
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inhibiting phosphorylation of glycogen synthase
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how does glucagon stimulate glycogenolysis
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phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase which activates it.
*phosphorylation of glycogen synthesis inhibits production of glycogen |
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decribe pancreatic function in a person with poorly controlled type 2 DM
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high insulin secretion initially, then declining secretion later on
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patient had a random glucose level of 207 while complaining of excessive hunger. the next day she had fasting plasma glucose of 99. Does she meet the diagnostic criteria for DM
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No, because she had a normal fasting glucose level
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if a person fasts for 6 hours, the hormone glucagon primarily acts to
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promote gluconeogenesis
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just after you eat a mixed meal with carbs, fats, and protein; what metabolic activity is inhibited in adipose tissue
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lipolysis
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eating a mixed meal of reasonable balance of protein, carbs, and fats has a hormone profile one hour later of what
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increased insulin
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what does high insulin level promote in obese female with elevated blood sugar of 160
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weight gain
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women with history of gestational diabetes and family history as well. which one puts her a higher risk for developing diabetes
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gestational diabetes
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a woman with gestation diabetes should follow what nutritional guidance
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distribute carbohydrate intake throughout the day, limit carbs to 35-45% of total caloric intake
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42 year old woman with BMI of 29 and waist circumference of 37. what is her greatest risk in the near future
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HTN
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what is the incidence of obesity in the U.S.
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over 30% of adults
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visceral fat has increased release of what
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free fatty acids from adipose tissue
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first suggestion for patient wanting to change their health who is obese, has HTN, and hyperlipidemia
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commit to a weight reduction program
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why would a frustrated man stop losing weight after steadily losing weight for 6 months previously
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he now needs to eat fewer calories to maintain to lower weight
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healthy male with BMI of 25 has a family history of atherosclerosis, DM, and HTN. what is one thing you recommend
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eat more fruits and vegetables
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in an obese patient who is eating a low fat diet, the LDL is elevated because
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excessive VLDL is converted to LDL
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what is the best way to check for obesity in female patient
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waist circumference > 35 inches
*greater than 40 in male patient |
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male that is gradually gaining weight say he doesn't have time for exercise. what would you expect the VLDLs that are released between meals to do
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converted into atherogenic LDLs
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51 obese woman has increased cholesterol production, this puts her at greatest risk for what
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gallstones
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name a hormone that stimulates the appetite
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ghrelin
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what factors affect total energy expenditure
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age, gender, height, weight, activity level
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to get a quick sense of a patient's diet, which assessment tool wold you use
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screening tool
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RR of developing CAD in obese patient
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RR = 2-4
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RR of developing DM type 2 in obese patient
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RR = 93.2 in women
RR = 42.1 in men |
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PAR% of obesity: Heart disease/stroke, DM type 2, cancer, osteoarthritis
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heart disease/stroke - 25%
DM type 2 - 50-80% cancer - 3-9% OA - 12% |
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what's the one good thing about obesity
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lowers osteoporosis
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developing obesity: genetics vs. environmental
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genetics - 66%
environmental/psycosocial - 34% |
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medications that cause weight gain
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antipsychotics
anti-diabetics |
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most common mutation seen in obese children
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melanocortin-4 receptor deficiency
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what does stimulation melanocortin-4 receptors do
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decrease food intake
increase metabolic rate |
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leptin and insulin stimulate POMC neurons to release what
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melanocortin peptides (a-MSH) that activates melanocortin-4 receptors
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leptin and insulin stimulate/inhibit what
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stimulate - POMC
inhibit - NPY/AgRP |
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what does bypass surgery do
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decreases ghrelin which leads to decreased appetite
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hypothalamus remembers the highest previous body weight and tries to get back to that weight after weight loss
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**
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Good adipokine
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adiponectin - increases insulin sensitivity and HDL cholesterol, synthesis is decreased in visceral fat cells
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visceral fat is reduced even without change in BMI, you lose relatively double or triple as much visceral fat as the amount of total weight loss
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**
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how does exercise decrease blood glucose and increase oxidation of fatty acids
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1. results in a rapid increase in GLUT-4 expression
2. increases AMP-activated protein kinase activity which increases fatty acid oxidation as well as inhibits malonyl-CoA synthesis which is an inhibitor of carnitine shuttle |
