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316 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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in an emergency action plan, the primary concern is maintaining __ and __ functioning
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cardiovascular and CNS
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the key to an emergency action plan is the __ of the injured athlete
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initial evaluation
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members of the sports medicine team must at all times act __ and __
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reasonably and prudently
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in an emergency action plan, the must be a __ plan that can be implemented on a moments notice
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prearranged
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separate EAP's should be developed for each __. they outline personnel and role, and identify necessary equipment
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facility
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in an EAP, there should be established equipment and __ removal policies and procedures
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helmet
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in a EAP, there must be an availibility of __
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phones
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in an EAP, the AT must be aware of __, __, and __ or community based emergency heath care delivery plans
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commnication, transportation, and treatment policies
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an individual calling medical personnel must relay the following __, __, __, __, __, and __
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-type of emergency
-suspected injury -present condition -current assistance -location of phone being used -location of emergency |
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__ to gates must be easily accessible
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keys
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a __ should be assigned to accompany the injured athlete to the hospital
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individual
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the __ generally first to arrive on scene of emergency, has more training and experience transorting athlete than a __
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AT, physician
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__ has the final say in transportation, __ assumes an assistive role
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EMT, AT
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when an athlete is a minor, the ATC should try to __ from parent prior to emergency treatment
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obtain consent
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__ indicates that the parent is aware of situation, is aware of what teh ATC wants to do, and parental permission is granted to treat specific condition
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consent
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when unobtainable, the __ of parent (provided at the start of school year) are enacted
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predetermined wishes
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when there is not informed consent, __ on part of athelete to save the atletes life is inacted
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implied consent
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appropriate acute care cannot be provided without a __ occurring on the playing field first
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systematic assessment
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the on-field assessment determines the __ and provides information regarding direction of __
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nature of injury, treatment
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the __ is initially performed to establish presence of life-threatening condition
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primary service
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what are the parts of a primary assessment?
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-airway
-breathing -circulation -shock -severe bleeding |
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-used once the life-threatening condition is ruled out
-gathers specific info about the injury -assesses vital signs and performed more detalied evaluation of conditions that do not pose life threatening consequences |
secondary survey
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when dealing with an unconscious athlete, note teh __ and __
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body position and level of consciousness
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in a primary survey, assume __ injury
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neck and spine
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remove helmet only after __ injury is ruled out
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neck and spine
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with athlete supine and not breathing, __ should be started immediatly
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ABC's
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if an athlete is unconscious and breathing, nothing should be done unitl __ resumes
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consciousness
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if an athlete is prone and breathing, __ and establish ABC's
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log roll
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what are trianers angels?
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clip cutters to remove facemask
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use of pocket mask/barrier mandated by __ during CPR to avoid exposure to bloodborne pathogens
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OSHA
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shoulder pads and helmet must either __
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both come off or both remain in place
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removal of equipment should occur if __, __, __, or __
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-head is not secure
-airway can't be controlled -facemask can't be removed in reasonable amount of time -helmet prevents immobilizatoin |
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-a device that evaluates heart rhythms of victims experiencing cardiac arrest
-can deliver electrical charge to the heart -fully automated-minimal training required -electodes are placed at the left apex and right base of chest-when turned on, machine indicates if and when defibrillation necessary -maintainance is minimal for unit |
automatic external defibrillator (AED)
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the abnormal discharge of blood
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hemorrhage
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bleeding that is dark red with continuous flow
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venous
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bleeding that exudes from tissue and is reddish
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capillary
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bleeding that flows in spurts and is bright red
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arterial
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stems form skin wounds, abrasions, incisions, lacerations, punctures, or avulsions
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external bleeding
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what are three ways to treat external bleeding
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-direct pressure (hand over sterile gauze)
-elevation -pressure points |
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reduces hydrostatic pressue and facilitates venous and lymphatic drainage (slows bleeding)
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elevation
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there are __ pressure points on either side of the body
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11
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invisible unless manifested through body opening, X-ray or other diagnostic techniques
-can occur beneath skin or contusion intramuscularly or in joint with little danger -bleeding within body cavity could result in life or death situation -difficult to detect and must be hospialized for treatment -clould lead to shock if not treated accordingly |
internal hemorrhage
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generally occurs with sever bleeding, fracture, or internal injuries
-result of decrease in blood available in circulatory system -movement of blood cells slows, decreasing oxygen transport to the body |
shock
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vascular system loses capcity to maintain fluid portion of blood due to vessel dilation and disruption of osmotic balance
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shock
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what are the 4 ways heat is transfered?
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-conduction
-convection -radiation -converison |
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when heat is transfered from a warmer object to another
-dependent on temp and exposure time |
conduction
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in conduction, temps of __ will cuase tissue damage, and temps of __ should not be in contact for more than 30 min
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116.6, 113
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-the transfer of heat through movment of fluids or gases
-whirlpools |
convection
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-heat is transfered from one object through space to another object
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radiation
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generation of heat from another object
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conversion
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-used in first treatment of trauma to the muscuoskeletal system
-when applied intermittently with compression, rest and elecation it reduces many adverse conditions related to inflammation and th reactive phase of an acute injury |
cryotherapy
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cryotherapy relies on __
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conduction
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at a temp of __ muscle temp can be reduced as deep as __ cm
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38.3, 4
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__ ice is a more effective coolant due to the energy required to melt ice
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wet
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reflex action of smooth muscle due to sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla
-also caused by cooled blood circulating to anterior hypothalamus |
vasocontriction
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causes vasoconstriction, increase blood viscosity, decreased metabolic rate, decrease muslce spasm, decrease free nerve ending, decrease in muscle fatigue
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cryotherapy
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__ is more penetrating then heat
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cold
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__ becomes critical in an emergency situation
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time
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all sports programs must have a __ emergency plan
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separate
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emergency practice sessions for AT's and EMT's should be held at least __ a year
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once
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assesses life threatening injuries
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primary survey
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performed after life-theatening injuries have been ruled out
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secondary survey
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all coaches and AT must have current __
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CPR certification
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the two most common sites for direct pressure are __ and __
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brachial and femoral arteries
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low BP, systolic pressure is usually below 90 mm Hg, pulse rapid and weak, drowsiness and sluggishness, breathing shallow and rapid, skin is pale, cool and clammy
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signs of shock
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T/F some athletes normally have irregular or unequal pupils?
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true
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-seriousness of injury
-type of first aid required -whether injury warrants physical referral -type of transportation needed |
decisions that can be made from a secondary survey
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__ is essential in the emergency care of a musculoskeletal injury
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RICE
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T/F a suspected fracture must be splinted before athlete is moved?
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true
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great caution must be taken when __ an injured athlete
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transporting
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support or assistance given to an injured athlete who is able to walk
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ambulatory aid
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T/F it does not matter if a crutch or cane fits an athlete as long as one is available
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FALSE!!!
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ATC's recognize and evaluate sports injuries, but by law they cannot make __
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diagnoses
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the examine sports injuries the ATC must have a thorough knowledge of __ and its function and of the __ inherent in sports
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human anatomy, hazards
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application of mechanical forces to living organisms
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biomechanics
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mechanical forces that are applied to a living organism and adversley chane the body's structure and function
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pathomechanics
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the cause of a disease
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etiology
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mechanical descripton of teh cause
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mechanism
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structural and functional changes that result from injury
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pathology
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change that indicates injury or disease
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symptom
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indicator of disease
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sign
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name of a specific condition
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diagnosis
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predicted outcome of an injury
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prognosis
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condition resullting from disease or injury that is the development of additional conditions as a complication of an existing disease or injury ie pneumonia from the flu
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sequela
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group of symptoms that indicate a condition or disease
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syndrome
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what does HOPS stand for?
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History
Observation Palpation Special tests |
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what is the most critical aspect of teh off-the-field evaluation?
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taing a detailed history
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joint motion that occurs because of muscle contraction
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active range of motion
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movement that is performed completely by the examiner
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passive range of motion
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resisted movement requires an __ at the midpoint in the range
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isometric contraction
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__ determines if teh athlete has full strength, joint stability, and coordination, and if the part is pain free
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functional examination
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what does SOAP stand for?
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subjective
objective assessment plan |
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uses a fiber-optic scope to view the inside of a joint
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arthroscopy
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analysis of __ and __ can be used to detect musculoskeletal infections
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synovial fluid and blood
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the ATC must take precautions to prevent exposure to and transmition of __
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bloodborne pathogens
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modes of transmission of bloodborne pathogens
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-human blood
-semen -vaginal secretions -cerbrospinal fluid -synovial fluid |
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3 major bloodborne pathogens
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hepatitis B virus (HBV)
hetpatitis C virus (HCV) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) |
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a virus that enters a host cell and changes its RNA to proviral DNA replication
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retrovirus
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__ is most often transmitted through intimate sexual contact
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HIV
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the use of __ can reduce the chances of contracting HIV
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latex condoms
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__ should be worn whenever teh ATC handles blood or bodily fluid
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nonlatex gloves
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universal precautions __ the risk of exposure and transmittion
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minmize
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the major therapeurtic value of __ is its ability to produce anesthesia, allowing pain free exercise
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cold
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causes a slight temp increase during cooling
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hunting response
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the extent of cooling depends on the __ of teh subcutaneous fat layer
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thickness
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condition in which cold exposure causes vasospasm of digital arteries
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raynaud's phenomenon
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cold therapy can begin __ days after an injury
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1-3
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__ spray is used in the spray and stretch technique
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fluori-methane
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combines cryotherapy with exercise
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cryokinetics
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__ has the capacity to increase the extensibility of collagen tissue
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heat
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lack of blood supply to a body part
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ischemia
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__ is a poor thermal conductor
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superficial tissue
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combines heated water and massaging action
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whirlpool bath
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particularly effective for injuries to the more angular body areas
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paraffin bath
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technique that uses immersion in ice slush, followed by immersion in tepid water
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contrast bath
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__ units contain fine cellulose particles in which warm air is circulated
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fluidotherapy
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__ can be applied either to the skin or through a water medium
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ultrasound
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a decrease in intensity as teh sound enters deeper tissues
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atenuation
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electrical current produced by applying pressure to certain crystals such as quartz
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piezoelectric effect
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that portion of teh trasducer that produces sound energy
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effective radiating area
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the amount of variablity in intensity of the ultrasound beam
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beam nonuniformity ratio (BNR)
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__ can be pulsed or continuous
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ultrasound
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__ indicates the percentage of time that ultrasound is is being generated
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duty cycle
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__ produces effects that are thermal or nonthermal
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ultrasound
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__ effects of ultrasound include cavitation and microstreaming
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nonthermal
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used to facilitate the transmission of ultrasound into the tissues
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coupling medium
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a method of driving molecules through the skin with ultrasound
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phonophoresis
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volume or amount of electrical energy
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ampre
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resistance
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ohm
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force
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voltage
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power
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watt
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DC current
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monophasic
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AC current
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biphasic
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pulsatile current
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polyphasic
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measured in hertz, cycles per sound, or pulses per second
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frequency
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a muscle contraction from electrical stimulation can be used for __
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-muscle pumping
-muslce stregthening -retardation of atrophy -muscle reeducation |
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uses electrical current to drive ions
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iontophoresis
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possible phsyiological responses of massage __
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reflex efects
relaxation stimulation increased circulation |
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__ is commonly used in thte cervical and lumbar spine
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traction
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drawing tension applied to a body segment
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traction
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the ATC is responsible for the __, __ and __ of the rehabilitation program
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design, implementation, and supervision
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the long term goal rehabilitation
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to return the injured athlete to practice/competition as quickly and safely as possible
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__ are concerend with restoring normal body function after injury
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theraputic exercises
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a sudden loss of __ leads to a generalized loss of phsycial fitness
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phsycial activity
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__ of a part causes atrophy to slow twitch muscle fibers
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immobilization
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decreases normal lubrication
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joint immobilization
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-minimize swelling
-controlling pain -restoring full ROM -reestablishing neuromusclar control -maintinign cardiovascualr fitness -incorporating functional progessions |
components of a rehab program
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result from an active muscle contraction that moves an extremity through flexion, extension, abductin, adduction, and rotaion
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pysiological movements
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teh manner in which one articulating joint surface move relative to another
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accessory motions
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3 types of accessory motions
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spin, roll, glide
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restricted phsyiological movement=
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stretching
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restricted accessory motion=
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joint mobilization
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primariily used as a diagnostic tool to determine levels of strength
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isokinetics
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the ability to determine the position of a joint in space
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proprioception
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the ability to detect movment
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kinesthesia
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__ control produces coordinated movments
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neuromuscular
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include ruffini's endings, pacinian corpuslces, and free nerve endings
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joint mechanoreceptors
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include muscle spindes and golgi tendon organs
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muscle mechanorecpetors
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__ involves the integration of muscluar, neurological, and biomechanical information
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postural stability
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__ incoporate sport-specific skills into the rehabilitation program
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functional progressions
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exercise performed during the __ phase can often assist recovery after surgery
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preoperative phase
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phases of rehabilitation:
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-preoperative phase
-phase 1-acute inflammatory response phase -phase 2-fibroblastic repair phase -phase 3-maturation-remodling phase |
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the __ should start 24 hours after surgery
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postsurgical phase
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a __ occurs when the foot or hand is on the ground
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closed kinetic chain
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a __ occurs when the foot or hand is off the ground
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open kinetic chain
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__ provides an excellent means for rehab
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aquatic exercise
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__ works to improve accessory motions
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moblization
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the study of drugs and their origin, nature, properties, and effects on living organisms
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pharmacology
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a chemical agent used in the prevention, treatment, or diagnosis of disease
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drug
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the method by which drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated
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pharmacokinetics
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__ can be administered internally or externall
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drugs
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T/F at no tme acn anyone other than a person licensed by law legally prescribe or dispense prescription drugs for an athelte
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true
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providing a single does of medication for immediate use by the patient
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administering
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providing the patient witha drug in quanitity sufficient to be used for multiple doses
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dispensing
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counteriritants, local anesthetics, narcotic alagesics, and nonnarcotic analgesics and antipyretics
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drugs used to inhibit pain or inflamation
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spray coolants, alcohol, cold, menthol, and local anesthetics
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counterirritants
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codeine, proxyphene, hydrochloride, morphine, and meperidine
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narcotic analgesic
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acetaminophen
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nonnarcotic analgesics
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acetylsalicylic acid, NSAIDS, corticosteroids
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antiinflammatories
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stimulants, beta blockers, narcotic analgesics, diuretics, anabolic steroids, HGH, blood doping
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ergogenic aids
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both the __ and __ conduct drug testing programs
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NCAA, USOC
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sports participation can cause an athlete to experience either negative or postitive __
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stress
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reactive phases of an athlete to injury
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-reaction to injury
-reaction to rehabilitation -reaction to return |
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injury might mean minor changes in teh way an athlete behaves __
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socially
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injury prone athletes are ofter __
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risk takers
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the positive and negative forces that can disrupt the body's equilibirum
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stress
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T/F sports participation is only a phsycal stressor and does not include emtional stress
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false
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a feeling of uncertainty or apprehension
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anxiety
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active amines, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, that affect the nervous and cardiovascualr system
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catecholamine
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a syndrom related to physical and emotional exhaustion that leads to a negative self-concept, negative attitude, and los of concern for the feeling of others
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burnout
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establishing progressive attainable __ is essential to rehab
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goals
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direct extension of heart function
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pulse
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a normal pulse is __ bpm
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80-100
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rapid and weak pulse could indicate __
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shock
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normal respiration rates for an adult is __ breaths per minute and for a child is __
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12, 20-25
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irregular or gasping breath means
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cardiac comprimise
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frothy respiration with blood means
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chest injury
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normal systolic bp
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115-120
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normal diastolic bp
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75-80
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you must inlfate the bp cuff above the __
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antecubital fossa
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core temp is best measured __
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rectally
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red skin color=
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elevated temp, stroke, high bp
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white skin color=
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insufficient ciculation, shock fright, hemorrhage, heat exhaustan,
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blue skin color=
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airway obstruction or repiratory inefficiency
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during hemorhaging, the tongue will become __
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grey
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__ is indicated by red flush tips of ears
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fever
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__ may indicate use of depressant drug
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constricted pupils
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__ may indicate head injuries, shock use of stimulant
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dilated pupils
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__ is more important than pupil size
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pupil response
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-msut always be assessed
-alertess and awareness relative to vocal stimulation -head injury, heat stroke, diabetic coma, can alter level of this |
consciousness
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2 scales for measuring consciousness
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AVPU (alertness, verbal, pain, unresponsive)
ACDU (alert, confused, drowsy, unresponsive) |
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parts of the musculoskeletal assessment
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history
visual observation palpation assessment decisons |
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determines the point of terderness, affected structures and other deformities
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palpiation
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what is the primary goal of immediate treatment?
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limit swelling and extent of hemorraging
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rest should occur __ before rehab beigns
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72 hours
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initial treatment of acute injureis
|
ice
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ice should be appllied intially for __ min and then repeated every __ hours and should continue at least the first 72 hours of a new injury
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20, 1-1.5
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decreases space allowed for swelling to accumulate
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compression
|
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reduces internal bleeding due to forces of gravity
prevents pooling of blood and ainds in drainage |
elevation
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-styrofoam chips sealed in aritight sleeve
-moldable with velcro straps to secure -air can be removed to make splint rigid |
rapid form imobilizer
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-clear plastic splint inflated with air around affected part
-can be used for splingint but requires practice -do not use if it will alter fracture deformity -provides moderate pressure and can be xrayed through |
air splint
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-used for femoral fractures
-requires extensive practice -open fractures must be dressed appropriately to avoid contamination |
half-ring splint
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T/F splint where the athlete lies and avoid moving them
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true
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splint one joint __ and one joint __ fracture
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above, below
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splinted with a sling and swathed to body
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upper limb
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if a spine board is needed for transport, an __ should be contacted
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EMT
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on person must be responsible for the __ at all time
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head and neck
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permission to trasport an athlete on a spine board is given by a __
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physician
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a short term injury is
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<4 weeks
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a long term injury is
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>4 weeks
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a chronic injury is
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reoccuring
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a terminating injury is
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career ending
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the __ is the first person to often notice when an athlete is emotionally stressed
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coach
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result of imbalances between physical load being placed on athlete and his/her coping capacity
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overtraining
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an ATC should respond to the __, not the injury
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individual
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4 kinds of off the field investigations:
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-pre-participation
-on-the-field -off-the-field -progress |
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-detailed eval on sideline or in clinic setting
-may be the evaluation of an acute injury or one several days layer following an acute inury |
off-the-field evaluation
|
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HOPS is used for an __
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off-the-field evaluation
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you want to palpitate beginning __ form the injured site
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away
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in order to palpitate soft tissue it must be __
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relaxed
|
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complete and accurate __ is critical evaluation
|
documentation
|
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-need to be routinely written after each progress evaluation
-SOAP format |
progress notes
|
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-used to determine presense of bone fractures, abnormalties and dislocations
-can be used to rule out disease -occasionally used to access soft tissue |
plain film radiographs (x-rays)
|
|
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-visual study of oint via exray after injection of dye, air, or combinatin of both
-shows disrupton of soft tissue and loose bodies |
arthography
|
|
|
-invasive technique using fiber-optic arthrocope used to assess joint integrity and damage
-can also be used to perform sugical procedures |
arthoscopy
|
|
|
opaque dye injected into epidural space of spinal canal
-used to dtect tumors, nerve root compression, and disk disease and other diseases associated with the spinal cord |
myelography
|
|
|
-penetrates body with thin, fanshaped x ray beam
-produces cross-sectional view of tissues -allows for multiple viewing angles |
Computed tomography (CAT) scan
|
|
|
-involves intravenous introduction of radioactive tracer
-used to image bony lessions ie stress fractures |
bone scan
|
|
|
-use of ultrasound to view location measurement or delineation of organ or tisue by measuring reflection or transmission of high frequency utrasound wave
-computer is availiabe to generate 2D image |
ultrasonography
|
|
|
-uses powerful electromagnet, magnetic current focuses hydrogen atoms in water and aligns them
-after current sht off, atoms continue to spine emiting different levels of energy depending on tissue type, creating different images -expenive but clearer thatn CT scan |
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
|
|
|
used to assess specific gravity, pH, prsense of ketone,s, heoglovin, proteins, nitrates, red and white blood cells, bactera, electrolytes, hormones and drug levels
|
urinalysis
|
|
|
treatment of HBV is in __ doses over __ monthes
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3, 6
|
|
|
after teh second dose of HBV __ will be immune and after third dose __ will be immune
|
87%, 96%
|
|
|
chances of transmitting HIV and HBV among athletes is __
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low
|
|
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OSHA was founded in __ and stands for __
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1991, occupational safety and heatlth administration
|
|
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athletes with active bleeding must be __
|
removed from competition
|
|
|
labels for biohazrds are __
|
orange or red
|
|
|
disinfectants are diluted in a __ ratio
|
1:10
|
|
|
towls should be washed at __ for __
|
159.8, 25
|
|
|
needles, razorblades, and scalpels
|
sharps
|
|
|
types of cryotherapy techniques
|
-ice massage
-ice water immersion -ice packs -vasocoolant sprays -cryokinetics |
|
|
the temp of an icebath should be __
|
50-60
|
|
|
when using ice packs, u must hava a barrier for __
|
chemical and gell packs
|
|
|
progession of cold sensations
|
cold-->burning-->aching-->numbness
|
|
|
types of thermotherapy
|
-moist heat packs
-whrilpool -paraffin bath -contrast bath -fluidotherapy |
|
|
modality that stimulates repair of soft tissue and pain relief in teh form of acoustic energy used for deep tissue heating
|
utrasound
|
|
|
ultrasound technique that requires a coupling medium to prodvide airtight contact with skin and a low friction surface
|
direct skin application
|
|
|
ultrasound technique used for irregular shaped structures
should be performed in a non metal container to avoid reflection |
underwater applicaiton
|
|
|
the bladder ultrasound technique should be used when a body part __
|
cannot be submerged
|
|
|
the traducer should be moved at a speed f __ cm/second and should not cover an area more than __x the transducer head
|
4, 3
|
|
|
phonophoresis is mainly used to drive __
|
hydrocotisone
|
|
|
most common electrical stmilulating unit in sports medcine
|
EMS
|
|
|
LIS's are called __
|
bone stimulators
|
|
|
so called "russian" currents
|
polyphasic
|
|
|
-makes use of 2 separate generators, emitting curent at slightly different frequenceies
-quad polar pad placement is used creating pattern (creates broader area of stimulation) |
inferential current
|
|
|
can be used to apply cercvical or lumbar traactoin
|
mechanical traction
|
|
|
traction that involves plates, sand bags, or water bags for weight
|
wall-mounted traction
|
|
|
traction where weight of trunk lengthens spine
|
inverted traction
|
|
|
with intermittent compression units, u must be mindful of bp. in teh upper extremity it is __, lower is __
|
30-50, 30-60
|
|
|
a systematic approach that experienced clinicians can use to guid an athlete through rehab
|
RAMP
|
|
|
what does RAMP stand for?
|
-Rehabilitation goals
-managment of the Acute repsonses to injury -resotration of Mobility -successful completion of Performance goals |
|
|
what are short term goals of a rehab programs? (5)
|
-control pain and inflammation
-maintain or improve ROM -restore and increase strength -re-establish neuromuscular control -maintain levels of cardiovasuclar fitness |
|
|
injyr to a joint will always be associated with some __
|
loss of motion
|
|
|
contracture of connective tissue or resistance to stretch of musculotendinous unit=
|
decreased motion
|
|
|
-performed in early part of rehab following period of immobilizaiton
-used when resistacne through full ROM could amke injuries worse |
isometrics
|
|
|
can be performed using a variety of equipment
-ustilizes isotonic contractions to generate force while muslce changes length |
progressive resistance exercise (PRE)
|
|
|
involve the deceleraction of limbs
|
eccentric
|
|
|
if the __ extends beyond the base of support, thte limits of stability have been exceeded and a corrective step or stumbe will be necessary to prevent
|
center of gravity
|
|
|
-shuttle runs
-agility runs -figure 8's -cariocca tests -vertical jumps -balance -hopping for distnace -co-contraction test |
functional tests
|
|
|
the acute inflammatory response phase (phase 1) may last up to __ days
|
4
|
|
|
in the acute inflammatory response phase (phase 1), rest should be __
|
active
|
|
|
types of NSAIDS
|
ibuprofen, asprin
|
|
|
longest of 3 rehab phases
|
maturation/remodeling phase
|
|
|
the decisoin for an athlete to returen to play should be a __ decision
|
group
|
|
|
repeated performance of athletic skill for purpose of perfecting that skill
|
functional training
|
|
|
the lumbo-pelvic complex, area where center of gravity is located
|
core
|
|
|
the body's __ has to function optimally to efectively utilize the strength of prime movers
|
stabilization system
|
|
|
you must consider teh __ when purchasing rehab equipment
|
budget
|
|
|
the ATC may be allowed to administer a __ dose of nonprescription medication
|
single
|
|
|
the ATC should include __ and __ in the log for drugs
|
-quantity of medication given
-method of administration |
|
|
drugs can change with __ and relative to how they are administered
|
aging
|
|
|
all drugs dispensed from the ATC office should be properly __
|
labeled
|
|
|
individuals w/ nasal plyps, associated bronchospasm or history of anaphylaxis should not recieve __
|
NSAID's
|
|
|
NSAID's, counterirritants and local Anesthetics should not be taken in place of __ or __ for headaches or increaesed temps
|
acetaminophen or asprin
|
|
|
overingestion of which drug can lead to reye's syndrome
|
asprin
|
|
|
__ should be avoided w/ contact sports as it prolongs clotting times
|
asprin
|
|
|
prolonged use of these could cuase rebound congestion and dependancy
|
nasal decongestants
|
|
|
impairs body's ability to dissipate heat
|
antihistamines
|
|
|
there is little evidence that expectorants are any more effective on reducing cough than just simply __
|
drinking water
|
|
|
sanctions from the NCAA for a positive drug test is a minimum __ year suspension
|
1
|
|
|
began in the olympics in 1968
|
drug testing
|
|
|
the __ is most extensive that the __ for banned substances b/c it is also subject ot IOC rules
|
USOC
|
|
|
__ requires all athletes to sign consent form agreeing to participate in drug testing throughou the year
|
NCAA
|
|
|
__ drug tests randomly throught the year and before sanctioned events
|
USOC
|
|
|
during the drug test, an athlete provides identification and __ samples(s)
|
2
|
|
|
what are the 2 samples for in a drug test
|
confirmation and reconfirmation
|
