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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the normal growth patterns for preschool children ages 3-5?
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growth slows and stabilizes
average weight gain 2.2/yr average height gain 3in/yr growth in legs rather than trunk |
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what stage of erickson are children 3-5?
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Initiative vs. Guilt
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charistics of initiative vs. Guilt characteristics
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Ability to learn & play.
Development of “can do attitude” Behavior becomes goal directed, competitive and imaginative. Imitate parents & gender roles. Proud when accomplish new goals. When criticized show feelings of guilt. |
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Freud stage and expectations
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Phallic Stage
Focus on genitals increased love for opposite sex parent superego emerges develop feelings of giuit |
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piagets psychological stage
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Pre-operational stage
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characterisctics od pre-operaitional stage?
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Pre-operational Stage 2-7 years
Readiness for school ↑ physical activities & loud vivid imagination and curious Limited attention span Time- recognizes past and future Idiosyncratic system for organizing events Egocentric See the world via me Fear of Bodily harm Ban-aids keep everything in place! |
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developmental skills of a 3 year old?
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Walking, running and jumping well @ 36
900 word vocabulary/3-4 word sentence Copy a circle and cross Builds a tower of 9 blocks Ride tricycle, walk stairs alternating feet Pour from pitcher Asks a lot of questions |
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developmental skills of a 4 year old?
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1,500 word vocabulary/4-5 word sentence
Can copy a square Very noisy, talkative Exaggerates stories Loves Rhymes & songs Names 3 colors Hop on one foot Catch a ball with both hands, throws overhand ↑ Self-Care: Brushes teeth Gets dressed ↑ Cooperation |
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developmental skills of a 5 year old?
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2,100 word vocabulary/6-8 sentence
Copy diamond and triangle Prints name Draw person with 6 parts Head, body, 2 arms & 2 legs Talk constantly Names 4 colors Skip & Hop on alternating feet Walks backwards Hits a ball Ties shoes & manage big zippers |
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what are characteristics of 3-5 year old socialization?
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↑ Peer interaction & communication
Learn to relate to others Increased cooperation & Sharing Conform to expectations Enjoy games with simple rules PreSchool play dramatic & creative |
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what are 3-5 yr old devel. task expectations?
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Large and small muscle coordination
Uses initiative with a conscience Becomes a participating family member Settles into a daily routine Dental & personal Hygiene Sleep |
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major preschool age safety issues?
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MVA #1
drowning and falls dont really understand danger you should provide safety education |
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Preschool health concerns?
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Increase exposure to germs
Increased UTI in girls Stress handwashing and hygiene no sharing of pencils or utensils |
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preschool health concerns: eyes
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Visual acuity and depth perception fully developed by age 7
Vision testing begun at 3 years |
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whats the expected screening charts for preschoolers?
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3years allen card images
>4 use E chart |
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Expected vision for 4 and 5 year olds
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4yrs: 20/30-20/40
5yrs: 20/20-20/30 |
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Strabismus
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↓ Coordination of EOM
Eyes are not aligned One or both eyes can turn |
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Amblyopia "Lazy Eye"
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Only uses 1 eye for vision
No binocular vision ↓ vision in the deviated eye Distorted visual field Can develop if strabismus is not treated early If left untreated → Blindness in deviated eye |
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Amblyopia "Lazy Eye" treatment
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Patch normal eye x 24 hours/day
Deviated eye must work possible Surgery |
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Hearing screening
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Early detection = better outcome
Mandatory newborn hearing screenings Routine Audiometry screening by age 3 Various tones @ various frequencies Standard volume (usually 20 db) Normal hearing ranges from 10 → +15 By age 5 hearing is fully developed |
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what is Sensorineural (Nerve deafness?
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Damage or malformation of structures of
inner ear/and or auditory nerve Hearing loss is usually permanent |
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what are the causes of Sensorineural (Nerve deafness?
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Infections: CMV, Rubella, Herpes, Meningitis
Heredity Prematurity (Hypoxia) Ototoxic meds |
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Sensorineural (Nerve deafness) treatment
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Hearing Aids- worn ASAP to help facilitate language development
Cochlear implants = Controversy American sign language ↑ communication |
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What are conductive hearing impairments?
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Middle hearing loss affected by
inflammation, obstruction or damage OME/OM Cerumen impaction Perforation Temporary & restores to prior hearing level |
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what are the treatments for conductive hearing impairments?
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Antibiotics for infection
Myringotomy & Tympanostomy tubes |
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Biological Development School Age 6-12 years?
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Growth slows down
Weight: 5 - 6 lbs/year Height: 1 - 2 inch/year Average 6 year old 46 lbs & 45 inches |
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physical characteristics of school age children?
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Lose baby teeth @ 6 years.
First permanent teeth @ 6yrs (6 year molar) “Ugly Duckling Stage” Distorted facial proportions Wide range of physical differences Age 7 could look like 10-years or 5-years Treat according to their age not appearance |
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what is the erickson stage for children 6-12?
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Industry vs Inferiority
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characteristics of industry vs. inferiority?
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Interest in doing work
Learn and solve problems ↑ accomplishment RT ↑ motivation Desire to master & do well in everything If they don’t they will feel inferior. Reinforce that they cannot do well in everything |
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What freud stage is for 6-12?
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latency period
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Characteristics of Latency period?
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Sexuality plays less prominent role
same sex best friend usually does not want to play with opposite sex |
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Developmental skills of a 6 year old?
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Period of Transition
Self centered Normal to cheat at board games Impulsive ↑Activity RT ↑coordination ↑Dexterity = drawing & writing |
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Developmental skills of a 7 year old?
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Quiets down
Solitary play Attentive Sensitive listener Modest (Need Privacy) Companionable |
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Developmental skills of a 8 year old?
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Fluctuating Behavior
↑Graceful movements ↑Interest in nature Very self-critical |
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Developmental skills of a 9 year old?
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↑ Independence
Refined eye-hand control Musical instruments Best friend Collections Well organized ↑Physical complaints with stress May have boy/girl relationship but won’t admit |
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what are the developmental skills of a 10 year old?
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↑ Stamina
Budgets time ↑ Energy Enjoys family activities ↑ Appetite |
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what are the developmental skills of a 11 year old?
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Moody
Strict superego-conscience Strong morals/values Best behavior is away from home |
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what are the developmental skills of a 12 year old?
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↑ Personality integration
↑ Self discipline ↑ Self control Tactful Mutual understanding with parents |
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what are the developmental tasks of the school age child?
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↓ Dependence on family
↑ Neuromuscular skills Must adjust to changes in body image Develop positive attitude |
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What are health/ injury problems of school age child?
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Generally not a sick age
Injury Prevention MVC remains # 1 Sports Burns Access to Guns |
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What are the 3 cardinal signs of ADHD?
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Inattention
Impulsiveness Hyperactivity |
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what are some affects of having ADHD
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Unable to self regulate & inhibit behaviors
↓ Academic Performance RT ↑ Distractible & ↓ Task completion ↓ Self Esteem = ↓ Peer relationships ↑ Risky Behavior = ↑ Substance Abuse & MVA Sequela: Conduct, Mood & Anxiety Disorders |
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What is the etiology of ADHD?
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familial tendency,
Toxins (Pb), meds, food allergies, lead, smoking, alcohol, sugar ↓Neurotransmitters: ↓ NE, ↓ DA and ↓ 5-HT |
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guideline to diagnose ADHD?
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Based on report by parent
Onset By age 7 Symptoms must last >6 months have 6/9 symptoms listed Must affect 2/3 areas (home, school, social situations) |
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What is Autism Spectrum Disorder ASD?
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Complex neurodevelopmental disorders
Core deficits in 3 areas: Social Interaction Verbal & nonverbal communication Restricted interests, repetitive behaviors & resistant to change Affects prenatal & postnatal brain development NO correlation with MMR vaccine |
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what are ASD Clinical Signs?
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Inappropriate social behavior
Unable to maintain eye contact Avoid body contact Lack emotional reciprocity Impaired expressive & receptive language skills Delayed echolalia Inability to sustain or initiate conversation Repetitive behaviors: Opening & closing doors, flipping light switches, H2O play, shredding paper, prefer item movements & ritualistic behaviors Insist on “sameness” Self-Stimulatory behaviors: Finger licking, hand flapping, body rocking, run in circles Deep pressure stimulation-crawl into tight spaces Self-injury RT ↟↟ Pain Threshold, aggressive behaviors GI Symptoms- Constipation ➔ Mega rectum |
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what are some ASD treatments?
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Developmental screening, Physical exam, multidisciplinary approach, Early intervention programs, Highly structured and intensive behaivior modification programs (Promote positive reinforcement
Increase social awareness of others Increase verbal communication skills Decrease unacceptable behavior), Use brief, concrete communication, Minimal holding & eye contact to avoid outbursts, Gradually introduce new situations Medications, Atypical antipsychotic- Risperidone,↡ behavioral symptoms only |
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What is scoliosis?
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Abnormal lateral curvature
>10% of the spine Severe type can ↓ thoracic capacity ↑ risk for osteopenia Develops in preadolescent growth spurt Higher risk in females 85% |
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About Functional/Idiopathic/Secondary scoliosis
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Most common
Rapid growth & Poor posture Unequal leg |
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what are the treatments for functional/Idiopathic/Secondary scoliosis?
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Exercises
PT for posture Shoe Lifts |
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About Structural/Congenital/Neuromuscular scoliosis?
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Muscle or bone deformity
congenital or result of neuromuscular disorders S shaped curved with vertebral rotation Asymmetric thoracic cavity scapula, breasts, shoulders and hips ↑ deformity during periods of growth |
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therapy for Structural/Congenital/Neuromuscular scoliosis? (Braces)
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Milwaukee Brace worn 23 hours a day, boston brace low profile most widely used, providence brace used only at night= increased compliance
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therapy for Structural/Congenital/Neuromuscular scoliosis? (Surgery)
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Harrington Rod-
internal spinal fixation- “flat back” post-op immobilization required Lugue Segmental System- flexible wires threaded through spine- no post-op immobilization required, ↑ risk for nerve damage Spinal fusion for severe scoliosis Iliac bone graft |
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post op interventions for scoliosis surgery?
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Log rolling
Neurovascular checks Pain management Skin care Urinary retention Mesenteric Artery Syndrome- Shift of abdominal organs = Abdominal distension/emesis |
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Varicella is contageous for how long?
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1 day before eruption to 1 week after outbreaks of vesicles
until all vesicles have crusted over |
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what are S/S of Varicella?
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Low grade temp, Anorexia, Rash in outbreaks occur in crops at increased temp of like 104, very itchy (pruitic)
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What is therapy for varicella?
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Palliative
Antihistamines (benadryl) Antipyretics (Calamine lotion) Acyclovir ↓ # of lesions-when given within 24H of rash mostly for high risk pt’s Varicella zoster immune globulin (VZIG) given within 96 hours for high risk pt’s Strict isolation in hospital |
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Some info about Lice
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Highly contagious infestation of scalp
“itchy” from crawling mites and saliva ↑ @ occipital area ↑ @ night √ Environment Stuffed animals Bedding Clothing (fur) |
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What are the therapies for lice?
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Rid/Nix-Permethin 1 %
One application Kills lice and nits. Not for kids < 2 years Kwell- Lidane Two applications Repeat in 7-10 days after eggs hatch |
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facts about Pinworms Enterobiais
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Infects 1/3 of all children
Contagious Inhalation, ingestion or contact Worms (intestines) migrate & lay eggs in anal area @ night Very itchy anal area = ↑ scratching Spread fecal → fingernails → mouth Tape test √ eggs @ anus |
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Treatment for Pinworms Enterobiais?
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mebendazole (Vermox) > 2 years
100mg & repeat in 2 weeks pyrantel (Pamoate pin-X) > 2 years 11mg/kg & repeat in 2 weeks |
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what happens with stings?
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Allergic response
May develop anaphylactic shock Wheal formation Raised & reddened |
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interventions for an allergic response to a sting?
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Epi-pen Jr 0.01 mL/kg (1:1000) IM
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About animal bites (dogs/cats)
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80 % punctures/lacerations
Avulsions (tissue tears) ↑ infection risk |
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How should you treat a dog/cat bite?
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Wash area
Moist cool compress & dsg √ vaccination status (Rabies) Plastic surgery |
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info about Obesity?
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Weight & Body Mass Index (BMI) >95%
Compare to age, gender and height Culturally induced 30-40% ↑incidence in 6-11 year olds BMI = wt (kg)/ht (m2) Calculate yearly |
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What Causes Obesity?
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Diet- fast food junk food, ↓ Physical activity, Genes – Family Hx, Prader Willi Syndrome PWS
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Complications caused by obesity?
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HTN & ↑ cholesterol @ age 5-10
↑ incidence of Type II diabetes Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) Cardiac disease Gallstones Orthopedic problems ↓ Self-Esteem Social Isolation |
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therapy for obesity?
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nutritional counciling, Behaivor modification, Recognize and monitor associated risks for chronic diseases
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Info about adolescence?
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12-18 years of age.
Self-sufficient Puberty Period of physiological changes. Sex organs mature, menses, spermatoza |
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Growth during adolescence?
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Growth spurt
Reach adult height by age 17 Increase in height 2.5 inch -5 inches Girls @ 12 Boys @ 14-15 Need ↑ nutrition |
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About sexual develoopment during adolescense?
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Male secondary sex characteristics
Androgen,Testosterone Female secondary sex characteristics- Estrogen |
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what erickson stage are adolescents in?
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Identity vs. role confusion
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What are characteristics of identity vs role confusion?
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Individuality
Internal Stability Achieve Sense of Self Occupation/Future Goals Social Development FRIENDS!! >> Family Peer pressure Recognition via group identity Dating groups vs. individual Sexual intimacy |
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adolescent cognitative development (piaget)?
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Formal Operations (11-15)
Abstract thinking Future Oriented Scientific Reasoning ↑↑ Range of Logic |
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What are the Developmental tasks for the adolescent?
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Accept body changes
Achieve satisfying sex-related role Achieve independence & warm relationship with parents Develop mature set of values, work ethic & occupation |
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about adolescent acne?
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Inflammatory Disease ↑ @ age 17
Males > Females 17 million kids/year clogged sebaceous glands androgens stimulate secretions bacteria = inflammation |
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Treatment for acne?
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Topical Antibiotics- Cleocin, EES
PO Antibiotics - Tetracycline Antibacterial - Benzoyl Peroxide Tretinoin (Retin A) interrupts keratin formation use @ night Sunshine ↓ efficacy Isotretinoin Retinoic Acid (Accutane) SE: depression & Teratogenic ↟ congenital defects Document if sexually active √ HCG q month |
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Common health probplems for adolescents?
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Cardiac, Drug use, Pregnancy and STD's, Depression and suicude
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about anorexia nervosa
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Preoccupation with food
Distorted body image ↑ Need for control ↑ Pressure to be thin ↑ Intense fear of being fat |
