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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does 'language disorder' mean?
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It is an impairment in comprehesion/use of spken or written or symbol system that involves:
1) Form 2) Content 3) Use (function) |
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What is included in "form"?
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Syntax, Morphology, and Phonology
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What is included in "content"?
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Semantics
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What is included in "use" (function)?
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Pragmatics
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What is Fast Mapping?
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Typical children can learn the meaning and label of a word after only one exposure.
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Children with language disorders need at least how many exposures to an object to be able to name it?
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Two
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Impairment is below _______ expectations.
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Age-based.
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What is SLI?
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Specific Language Impairment. Impairment in language learning with no obvious cause.
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T or F: SLI is rare.
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False. Tomblin et al. found that 7-10% of kindergarten children have SLI.
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T or F: Poor parenting induced SLI?
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False.
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What are the three main ideas of the cause of SLI?
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1) Surface Account
2) General Deficit Account 3) Extended Optional Infinitive Account |
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Explain the surface account.
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Children with SLI have difficulty procesing morphemes of brief duration.
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How do you assess SLI using the Surface account?
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Look for deficits in morphemes of low salience.
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How do you treat SLI using the Surface account?
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Make morphemes more salient.
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Explain the General Deficit Account.
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Children with SLI are not impaired 'specifically' in the area of language. The may also have lower nonverbal IQ and slower reaction times. This approach focuses on the overall impairments, not just language.
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How do you assess SLI using the General Deficit Account?
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Look at overall processing speed.
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How do you treat SLI using the General Deficity Account?
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Not clear.
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Explain the Extended Optional Infinitive Account.
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Modular approach. Deficits in finite markers (past tense (he walk for he walked)). Not plurals. Not related to environmental input.
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How do you assess SLI using the EOI account?
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Focus on finite markers.
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How do you treat SLI using the EOI account?
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reset grammatical parameters.
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Children that have SLI will also have problems in the future regarding language. What are two of them?
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Grammatical deficits sen in writing and in language processing as adults.
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What causes SLI?
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We don't know. Still a big debate.
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Who is a 'late' talker?
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Children (24 months) with fewer than 50 single words in expressive vocabulary/do not have any expressive word combination.
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What percentage of two year olds are late talkers?
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10-15% | 13-19% (different study)
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True or False: All SLI kids were late talkers.
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True.
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What is the #1 reason for a referral of a language evaluation?
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Late talking.
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What are some risk factors for Language Impairment?
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Ear infections, family history of speech and/or language delay, receptive delay, no use of sequenced gestures, small consonant inventory or low consonant vowel porportion, and small # of verbs in vocab.
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Zubrick et. al (2007) determined....(?)
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... prevalence of late talkers and group differences between late talkers and typically developing peers.
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Describe the difference between causation and correlation.
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Causation is if something directly causes the other. Ex- If a child falls and has a TBI, we know that the fall CAUSED the TBI.
Correlation is if something have something to do with why ___ happened. Ex- More crime happens in cities that have more churches. Doesn't mean that churches cause the crime.. just means that the city is probably bigger. |
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True or False: Late talkers are more likely to be female.
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False. More likely to be male.
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Late talkers have a particular difficulty with what?
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Morphosyntax.
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What do you do if you have a late talker?
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Parent training programs. Watchful waiting doesn't seem to be the best approach.
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Who should treat late talkers?
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The Parents.
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When should late talkers be treated?
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ASAP
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True or False: Maternal characteristics influence late talking.
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False! Smoking, education, parenting sytle, age, psychological state.. none influence it.
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What is the percentage of children with speech sound disorders (SSD) who have SLI?
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11-77%
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What is the percentage of children with SLI who have Speech Sound Disorders (SSD)?
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9-75%
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Why would it be difficult to assess language with a child who has Speech Sound Disorders and Specific Language Impairment?
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Because phonological errors hinder your ability to determine if morphosyntactic errors are present.
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What ways could you assess the language of a child who has both SSD and SLI?
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Vocabulary development, pragmatic development, narrative structure.
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What are three important points for validity?
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1) Face validity (based on judgment of the "average man"
2) Content Validity (based on expert judgment) 3) Construct Validity (based on data (EBP). |
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What is positive predictive validity?
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Tells likelihood of identifying disorder status.
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When it comes to validity, what is discriminant accuracy?
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Not equivalent to ability ranking and tells the likelihood of identifying disorder status.
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Describe Sensitivity.
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The ability of a test to identify impaired individuals as impaired.
Sensitivity = test id/truly impaired |
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Describe Specificity.
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The ability of a test to identify normal individuals as normal
Specificity = test non-id/truly normal |
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If a test identifies a child with having SLI and the child actually has SLI, this is what?
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Sensitivity.
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If a test identifies a child with having no disorder and the child is normal, then this is ________.
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Specificity.
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How do you decide to use one test over another? What should you consider?
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Child's age, skill, purpose.
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What is an evaluation?
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systematic collection and analysis of data needed to make decisions.
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What is an assesssment?
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tool used to provide data or information.
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What does IDEA stand for?
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Individuals with Disabilities Eduation Improvement Act.
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What does IDEA do?
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It's a law that ensures serices to children with disabilities through the nation. Governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education, and related services.
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Family Education Rights and Privacy Act serves children in what age range?
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birth- 2 years (and their families)
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IDEA part B serves what age range?
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3 - 21 years of age.
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IDEA part C serves what age range?
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birth - 2 years of age.
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What is Rule 51?
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State standards for all special education programs in the state of Nebraska. Must align with federal laws.
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There are three types of assessment/evaluation teams.. what are they?
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1) Multidisciplinary
2) Interdisciplinary 3) Transdisciplinary |
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What is this describing?
Usually made up of a variety of professionals from different disciplines, each completes an independent evaluation of the child, goals are separate and geared toward that specific area/deficit. |
Multidisciplinary teams
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The following description is _____.
Usually made up of a variety of professionals from different disciplines. Case manager coordinates services among all disciplines. Can have professionals who are involved on the assessment level, but not on the intervention level. |
Interdisciplinary Teams
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The following describes what?
Team members share information and skills across disciplines. Assessment is done all at once, with typically one person interacting with the child. Team members typically work together to meet goals (thus they help each other perform activities). Children's corner is an example. |
Transdisciplinary teams.
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Four basic reasons for evaluating language performance are:
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screening, establishing a baseline functioning, establishing goals for intervention, measuring change in intervention.
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When screening.. what question are you trying to answer?
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"Does the child have a problem using or understanding language?"
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When establishing baseline functioning, the SLP should assess which areas?
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ALL areas of language including:
Receptive/expressive, hearing, cognitive, oral-motor. |
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When establishing goals for intervention, you must have first established ___________.
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baseline functioning... Where is the child developmentally? (age-equivalency, standard scores)
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When measuring change in intervention, you must first establish _____.
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Criteria for each level/dismissal. How much change are you looking for? Did they meet the goals?
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What are the five areas you want to assess when receiving a referral?
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1) Case History
2) Hearing 3) Cognition 4) Oral-Motor or Speech-Motor 5) Language |
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Who do you gather information from for the case history?
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Parents, caregivers, teachers.
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Questions to ask when obtaining case history:
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What is the problem?
When did it start (and how- gradual or sudden?)? Does it vary in severity? How does the social environment interact with the child's problem? |
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What are two red flags for hearing?
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Ear infections, fluid in the ears.. Should WATCH for selective listeners.
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What are a few informal measures of cognition?
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Play, piagetian tasks, drawing... (draw a person, symbolic play tests)
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When assessing the cognition of a child, you must also examine the _____ ________ of a child.
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"Social Functioning"
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Standardized measures, interviews and questionnaires, developmental scales, criterion-referenced procedures, behavioral observations are all what?
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Ways to assess language....
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Describe standardized tests:
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Most formal decontextualized measure for assessing language.
Looks at several pieces of language. |
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What are some important elements of standardized tests?
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clear administration and scoring criteria, validity, reliability, diagnostic accuracy
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Developmental scales (a way to assess language) is...
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a type of interview or observational instrument. Not usually fully standardized. When paired with standarized measures, can be helpful for establishing baselines.
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Criterion-Referenced Procedures are...
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used to establish baseline function and identify targets for intervention. Also good for evaluating whether intervention goals have been met.
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Behavioral Observations are:
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used to sample whether a particular behavior of interest occurs, the frequency and context likely to be associated with it. Recording system.
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RG: In the Zubrick et al. (2007) and the Rice, Taylor, and Zubrick (2008) articles, LLE stands for:
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Late Language Emergence
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RG: T or F-- From Zubrick et al. (2007) pg. 1580 children with LLE were in daycare centers for more hours per day compared to those without LLE.
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False.
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RG: From Zubrick et al. (2007) pg 1564, which child characteristic has not been investigated as a characteristic associated with LLE:
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Nonverbal IQ
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RG: Based on figure 4 in the Shriber, Tomblin, and McSweeny (1999) study, what group shows the highest incidence of speech delay?
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Low cognition/language impairment
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RG: From Shriberg, Tomblin and McSweeny (1999) pg. 1465 co-morbidity estimates of SLI and speech delay range from:
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9-77%
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RG: Where does the information for a case history not come from?
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The child's baby Book
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RG: Standard deviation represents:
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the average difference of scores from the mean.
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RG: Usually severity is labeled as....
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Mild, moderate, severe, or profound.
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RG: In the outline for a clinical report, what are the topics you want to include in the recommendations?
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Is intervention needed? Goals, suggestions for methods, approaches, activities, and reinforcers.
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RG: T of R-- The four questions you want to answer when gathering a acase history are: (1) what is the problem or complaint? What is the area or areas of deficit people are seeing? (2) When did the problem begin or has the child always had the issue? (3) Does the problem vary in severity, getting worse at some times or with some people and better with others, or is it always the same? (4) How does the social environment interact with the child's problem?
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True
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RG: Finish this statement: "Children under the age of six..."
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"... do not need to be assigned a diagnosis/label to qualify for special education services under IDEA."
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RG: You don't have a complete hearing screening and speech mechanism exam when evaluating a child.. T or F?
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False.
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RG: On page 30, within the two language modalities (comprehension and production) what three domains do we want to assess?
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Form, content, use...
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RG: There are several methods for examining language: standardized testing, developmental scales, interviews, non-standardized or criterion-referenced procedures, and...
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Behavioral Observations..
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RG: Dynamic Assessment means:
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To systematically manipulate the context to support performance so that a child's optimal level of achievement can be identified.
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RG: True or False? From Spaulding et al. 2006 pg 62, "Reasearchers have begun to advocate abandoning the use of arbitrary cutoff score criteria applied across multiple tests in favor of adopting evidence-based cutoff scores derived fro _____ particular test."
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each
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RG: True or False? Under an evidence-based practice framework, sensitivity and specificity are two metrics needed by clinicians to support the use of a test for the identification of language impairments.
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True.
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RG: From Spaudling et al. Figure 5, The test of Narrative Language (TNL) showed the highest level of....
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Sensitivity for diagnosing true language impairment
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RG: Sensitivity refers to a test's ability to correctly identify typically developing language learners as typically developing language learners... T or F?
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False.
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RG: FROM Spaulding et. al., a psychometric property of interest to an SLP when choosing which language test to use would be:
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Reliability
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Presentation: REEL-3's purpose was...
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The identification of significant language delay in young infants and children as compared to their peers.
To determine the child's ability to express themselves and understand the processes of emergent language. |
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Presentation: REEL-3's age range was...
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Birth to 3
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What is the purpose of the Test of Preschool Early Literacy (TOPEL)?
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To identify preschoolers who are at risk for literacy problems that affect reading and writing.
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What is the age range for the Test of Preschool Early Literacy (TOPEL)?
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3-5 years of age
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What is the purpose of the Rossetti Infant-Toddler Language Scale?
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Assess preverbal and verbal aspects of communication and interaction in young children. Evaluate six areas of communication and interaction: interaction-attachment, pragmatics, gesture, play, language comprehension, language expression, etc.
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What is the age range for the Rossetti Infant-Toddler Language Scale?
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Birth - 36 months
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What is the purpose of the Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test (EOWPVT)?
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To measure child's vocab that can be retrieved from memory and used to produce meaningful speech.
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What is the age range for the Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test (EOWPVT)?
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2 years - 18 years/11 months
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What is the purpose of the Receptive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test (ROWPVT)?
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To obtain an estimate of a child's one word hearing vocabulary based on what he has learned from home and formal education.
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What is the age-range for the Receptive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test (ROBPVT)?
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2 years - 11 years/11months
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What is the purpose of the Test of Language Development Preschool: 4th Edition (TOLD-P4)?
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To identify children who are significantly below their peers in language proficiency, determine child's strengths and weaknesses in language skills.
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What is the age range for the Test of Language Development Preschool: 4th (TOLD-P4)?
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Between 4 years - 8 years/11months
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What is the purpose of the Rice/Wexler Test of Early Grammatical Impairment?
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To identify, diagnose, screen, and follow-up eval of grammatical deficits in young children that speak standard American English.
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What is the age range for Rice/Wexler Test of Early Grammatical Impairment?
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3 -8 years of age
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What is the purpose of the Structured Photographic Expressive Language Test Preschool- 2nd edition (SPELT-P2)?
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To identify those children who may have difficulty in their expression of early developing morphological and syntactic features.
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What is the age range for the Structured Photographic Expressive Language Test Preschool- 2nd edition (SPELT-P2)?
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3 years - 5 years/11months
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What is the purpose of the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals- Preschool (CELF-P)?
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To identify, diagnose, and follow up evals of language deficits in preschool children. Looks at form, content, semantics, morphology, syntax, and auditory memory.
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What is the age range for the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals- Preschool (CELF-P)?
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3 Years - 6 Years/11months
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