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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is genetics?
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The scientific study of heredity
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What is fertilization?
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When male and female reproductive celss join
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What is true breeding?
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Term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate
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What is a trait?
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A specific characteristic
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What is a hybrid?
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The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
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What are genes?
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Sequence on DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
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What are alleles?
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Different forms of a gene
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What is segregation?
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Separation in alleles
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What are gametes?
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Sex cells
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What is probability?
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The likelihood that a particular event will occur
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What is a Punnett square?
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a diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross
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homozygous
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organisms that have 2 identical alleles for a particular trait
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heterozygous
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organisms that have 2 different alleles for a particular trait
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phenotype
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physical characteristic
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genotype
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genetic make up (TT, Tt, tt)
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independent assortment
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independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes
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incomplete dominance
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one allele isn't completely dominant over the other
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codominance
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both alleles contribute to the phenotype of an organism (blend together)
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multiple alleles
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3 or more alleles of the same gene
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polygenic traits
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traits controlled by 2 or more genes
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homologous
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chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent
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diploid
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cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes
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haploid
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cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and one set of genes
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meiosis
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# of chromosomes PER cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
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tetrad
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structure that contains 4 CHROMATIDS formed suring meiosis
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crossing-over
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homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis
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gene map
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diagram that shows relative locations of each known gene in a particular chromosome
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What process is a process of reduction division?
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meiosis
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What is the purpose of meiosis?
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form gametes (egg and sperm)
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If we start with a diploid cell, how do we get an organism that produces haploid gametes?
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meiosis (1 replication, 2 divisions)
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What happens during interphase?
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growth, make DNA, protein, and organelles
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Meiosis I consists of what phases?
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interphase,prophase I, metephase I, anaphase I, and telophase I
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What happens during prophase I?
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tetrads form, nucleus and nucleoli disappear, crossing-over
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What happens during metaphase I?
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tetrads line up at center, independent assortment
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What happens during anaphase I?
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tetrads separate
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What happens during telophase I?
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nuclear membranes form, separates into 2 new haploid cells
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The 4 haploid cells produced in meiosis are what?
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sperm
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In females, 4 haploid cells are produced but only one is a what?
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viable egg
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The other 3 produced are what?
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polar bodies
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Male gametes are produced from what process?
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spermatogenesis
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Female gametes are produced from what process?
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oogenesis
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How many daughter cells are produced in mitosis?
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2 diploid cells (same)
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How many daughter cells are produced in meiosis?
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4 haploid cells (different)
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What type of cells are produced in mitosis?
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body celss
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What type of cells are produced in meiosis?
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gametes
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How many divisions in mitosos?
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1
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How many divisions in meiosis?
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2
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How many replications in mitosis?
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1
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How many replications in meiosis?
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1
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What is the purpose of mitosis?
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growth, repair, asexual reproduction
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What is the purpose of meiosis?
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sexual reproduction
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What is heredity?
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the passing of genes from one generation to the next
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What are the male sex structures in a plant called?
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stamen
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What are the female sex structures in a plant called?
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pistil
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What is the principle of dominance?
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Some alleles are dominant and others are recessive.
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What is the principle of independent assortment?
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genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.
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What is the principle of segregation?
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the alleles segregated during the formation of gametes
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What can the principle of probability be used for?
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predict the outcome of genetic crosses
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What was the ratio of Mendel's 2-factor cross?
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9:3:3:1
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Do alleles for seed shape independently assort?
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Yes
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The alleles for different genes usually segregate _____________ of one another?
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independently
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example of incomplete dominance
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4 o'clock flower
red + white = pink |
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example of codominance
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chicken feathers
(spots on feathers or fur) |
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example of multiple alleles
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rabbit's coat color, human blood type, human eye color
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example of polygenic traits
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human skin color, eye color in fruit flies
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An individual _______ have more than 2 alleles, but there are more than 2 alleles in the population for a given trait.
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CANNOT
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polygenic inheritance
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interaction of many genes controls one trait
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Genes and the _________ determine the characteristics of an organism.
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environment
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Chromosomes do assort independently, but the genes on the chromosomes can be ___________ together.
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linked
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Linked genes are located on the ______ chromosome.
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Same
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Linked genes are inherited _________.
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together.
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Linked genes don't undergo _________. They don't follow Mendel's law.
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independent assortment
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linkage group
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all the genes on a chromosome
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What does crossing-over produce?
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recombinants, which are new combinations of genes
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The _______ genes are from each other, the more likely they are to cross over.
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further
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Crossing over occurs _________ among linkage groups.
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randomly
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