Prenatal Development Ch 2

Front 1

Reaction range

Back 1

The fact that the same genotype can produce a range of phenotypes in reaction to the environment in which development takes place.

Front 2

Heritability coefficient

Back 2

Estimates the extent to which differences in people reflect heredity.

Front 3

Niche-picking

Back 3

Deliberately seeking environments that fit one's heredity.

Front 4

Non-shared environmental influences

Back 4

The forces within a family that make children different from one another.

Front 5

Human development

Back 5

The multidisciplinary study of how people change and how they remain the same over time.

Front 6

Chromosomal Disorder
Klinefelter's Syndrome

Back 6

Sex chromosomes XXY
(1 in 500 Males)
Tall, small testicles, sterile, below normal intelligence, passive.

Front 7

Chromosomal Disorder
XXY Complement

Back 7

Sex chromosomes XXY
(1 in 1,000 Males)
Tall, some cases have below-normal intelligence

Front 8

Chromosomal Disorder
Turner's Syndrome

Back 8

Sex chromosomes X
(1 in 2,500-5,000 Females)
Short, limited development of secondary sex characteristics, problems perceiving spacial relations

Front 9

Chromosomal Disorder
XXX Syndrome

Back 9

Sex chromosomes XXX
(1 in 500-1,200 Females)
Normal stature but delayed motor and language development

Front 10

Period of the Zygote

Back 10

Weeks 1-2, in which the egg gets fertilized, gets implanted in the wall of the uterus, and begins rapidly dividing

Front 11

Period of the Embryo

Back 11

Weeks 3-8, in which body structures and internal organs develop. Also, the embryo forms in three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Front 12

Ectoderm

Back 12

The outer layer of the embryo that becomes the hair, the outer layer of skin, and the nervous system

Front 13

Mesoderm

Back 13

The middle layer of the embryo that becomes muscles, bones, and the circulatory system

Front 14

Endoderm

Back 14

The inner layer of the embryo that becomes the digestive system and lungs

Front 15

At how many weeks can you see embryo's eyes, jaw, arms, and legs?

Back 15

8 weeks

Front 16

Cephalocaudal principle

Back 16

Growth from the head to the base of the spine

Front 17

Proximodistal principle

Back 17

Growth of parts near center of the body before those more distant. Ex, arms and legs develop before hands and feet

Front 18

Period of the Fetus

Back 18

Weeks 9-38, in which cartilage begins to turn to bone and bodily systems begin to work

Front 19

How many pounds will the fetus gain in the last five months of pregnancy?

Back 19

7-8 pounds

Front 20

Age of Viability

Back 20

22-28 weeks, the point at which most systems function well enough that a fetus born at this time has a chance to survive

Front 21

Three General Risk factors for pregnant women

Back 21

Nutrition, Stress, and the Mother's Age

Front 22

Teratogen

Back 22

An agent that causes abnormal prenatal development

Front 23

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Back 23

Children whose mothers drank alcohol while pregnant; symptoms include growth more slowly than normal, heart problems, and misshapen faces

Front 24

Consequences of Alcohol while pregnant

Back 24

Fetal alcohol syndrome, cognitive deficits, heart damage, retarded growth

Front 25

Consequences of Aspirin while pregnant

Back 25

Deficits in intelligence, attention, and motor skills

Front 26

Consequences of Caffeine while pregnant

Back 26

Lower birth weight, decreased muscle tone

Front 27

Consquences of Cocaine and Heroin while pregnant

Back 27

Retarded growth, irritability in newborns

Front 28

Consequences of Marijuana while pregnant

Back 28

Lower birth weight, less motor control

Front 29

Consequences of Nicotine while pregnant

Back 29

Retarded growth, possible cognitive impairments

Front 30

In Vitro fertilization

Back 30

Mixing sperm and egg together in a petri dish and then placing several fertilized eggs in the mother's uterus

Front 31

AIDS' effect on baby

Back 31

Frequent infections, neurological disorders, death

Front 32

Cytomegalovirus' effect on baby

Back 32

Deafness, blindness, abnormally small head, mental retardation

Front 33

Genital Herpes' effect on baby

Back 33

Encephalitis, enlarged spleen, improper blood clotting

Front 34

Rubella's effect on baby

Back 34

Mental retardation, damage to eyes, ears, and heart

Front 35

Syphilis' effect on baby

Back 35

Damage to Central Nervous System, teeth, and bones

Front 36

Lead's possible effect on baby

Back 36

Mental retardation

Front 37

Mercury's possible effect on baby

Back 37

Retarded growth, mental retardation, cerebral palsy

Front 38

PCBs' possible effect on baby

Back 38

Impaired memory and verbal skills

Front 39

X-ray's possible effects on baby

Back 39

Retarded growth, leukemia, mental retardation

Front 40

Amniocentesis

Back 40

A technique in which a needle is inserted through the mother's abdomen to obtain amniotic fluid sample

Front 41

Chorionic Villus sampling (CVS)

Back 41

A procedure in which a sample of tissue is obtained from part of the placenta

Front 42

Fetal medicine

Back 42

Concerned with treating prenatal problems before birth

Front 43

Stage 1 of Labor

Back 43

May last 12-24 hours; when the uterus first starts to contract, ultimately enlarging the cervix to 10 centimeters

Front 44

Stage 2 of Labor

Back 44

Lasts about an hour; Baby passes through cervix and enters the vagina.

Front 45

Stage 3 of Labor

Back 45

Lasts mere minutes; mother pushes after birth to expel the placenta

Front 46

Postpartum Depression

Back 46

Affects 10-15% of new mothers, largely contributed by biology

Front 47

Cephalopelvic Disproportion

Back 47

When the infant's head is larger than the pelvis, making it impossible for the baby to pass through the birth canal

Front 48

Irregular position complication

Back 48

In shoulder presentation, the baby is lying crosswise in the uterus and the shoulder appears first; in breech presentation the buttocks.

Front 49

Preeclampsia complication

Back 49

A pregnant woman has high blood pressure, protein in her uterine, and swelling in her extremities (due to fluid retention)

Front 50

Prolapsed umbilical cord complication

Back 50

The umbilical cord precedes the baby through the birth canal and is squeezed shut, cutting off oxygen to the baby

Front 51

Premature

Back 51

Pre-term babies; born before the 36th week

Front 52

Low birth weight

Back 52

Babies that weigh 5.5 pounds or less

Front 53

Very low birth weight

Back 53

Babies that weigh 3.3 pounds or less

Front 54

Extremely low birth weight

Back 54

Babies that weigh 2.2 pounds or less

Front 55

What country has the highest infant mortality rate?

Back 55

Afghanistan; 1 in 6 will die before first birthday