Pregnancy Growth And Development

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growth

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increase in size

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development

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continuous process by which an individual changes from one life phase to another

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prenatal period

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begins with fertilization and ends with birth

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postnatal phase

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begins at birth ends at death

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fertilization

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union of a secondary oocryte and sperm cell

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how long is a trimester

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3 months

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how do the sperm cells meet the egg

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move upward through the uterus and uterine tube

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what stimulates the lashing of the sperm tails

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prostaglandins

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infertility

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inability to conceive after a year of trying

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common cause of female infertility

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insufficient secretion of gonatropin hormones

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membrane rich in glycoproteins that surrounds the secondary oocytes cell membrane

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zona pellucida

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how does the acrosome aid penetration

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digesting proteins of the zona pellucida

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sperm entry triggers lysosome like vesicles just beneath the oocyte cell membrane to release enzymes that

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harden the zona pellucida

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approaching nuclei from two cells cells are called

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pronuclei

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each sex cell provides ___ chromosomes

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23

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zygote

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first cell of the future offspring

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how long after forming does the zygote undergo mitosis

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30 hours

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two new cells after mitosis of the zygote

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blastomeres

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phase of early rapid cell division

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cleavage

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morula

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solid ball of 16 cells

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morula hollows out and becomes

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blastocyst

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inner cell mass

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gives rise to the body of the developing offspring

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embryonic stage

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from inner cell mass formation to the end of the eighth week of pregnancy

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from after the eighth week until birth

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fetus

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cells of the endometrium form a vascular structure called the

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placenta

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two ovarian follicles release secondary oocytes simultaneously and both are fertilized

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fraternal twins

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developed from a single fertilized secondary oocyte

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identical monozygotic twins

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hormone that prevents spontaneous abortion

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human chorionic gonadotropin

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the cells from the outer blastocyst secrete

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human chorionic gonadotropin

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LH maintains the

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corpus luteum

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hCG continues at a high level for ____________ and then declines by about

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2 months

4 months

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function of placental estrogen and placental progesterone

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maintaining the uterine wall

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placental lactogen secreted from the ______________ and functions by

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placenta

stimulating breast development and preparing the mammary glands for milk secretion

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relaxin

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inhibit the smooth muscles in the myometrium suppressing uterine contractions

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relaxin relaxes the ligaments of the __________ and ___________ during the last week of pregnancy

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pubic symphasis

sacroiliac joints

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increased adrenal secretion of aldosterone causes ____________________ during pregnancy

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renal reabsorption of sodium and leads to fluid retention

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the parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone which helps to

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maintain a high concentration of maternal blood calcium

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what happens during the embyonic stage

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placenta forms
main internal organs develop
major external body structures appear

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inner cell mass organizes into a flattened

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embryonic disk

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layer of the embryonic disk

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ectoderm- outer

endoderm- inner

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the ectoderm and endoderm fold and a third layer of cells forms the

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mesoderm

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organs form from these three cell layers called the

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primary germ layers

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attaches the emvryonic stalk to the developing placenta

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connecting stalk

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cells that give rise to the nervous system, special sensory organs , epidermis, hair , nails, glands of the skin and linings of the mouth and anal canal

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ectodermal cells

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cells form all types of muscle , tissue, bone tissue, bone marrow, blood, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, internal reproductive organs, kidneys and epithelial linings of the body cavities

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mesodermal cells

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epithelial linings of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary bladder and urethra

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endodermal cells

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to layers of cells lining the trophoblast

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chorion

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form around and between the villi, fill with maternal blood

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lacunae

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slender projections from the trophoblast

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chorionic villi

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all main organs are established by

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the end of the seventh week

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substances cross the placental membrane by

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active transport

pinocytosis

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while the placenta is forming the chorion a second membrane forms around the embryo

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amnion

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fills the space between the amnion and the embryonic disk

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amniotic fluid

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three blood vessels inside the umblical cord

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two arteries
one vein

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structures that are distinct from the embryo

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extra-embryonic

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where does the yolk sac attach to the embryonic disk

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the underside

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allantois

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forms during the third week

tube from the yolk sac into the connecting stalk of the embryo

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fetal stage

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begins at the end of the eighth week of development and lasts until birth

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during the third month what appears in most bones

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ossification centers

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by what week is it distinquishable as male or female

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by the 12th week

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fetal hemoglobin can carry about __________ more oxygen than adult hemoglobin

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20-30%

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the_________ carrys blood and bypasses the liver

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ductus venosus

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the ductus venosus joins the

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inferior vena cava

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opening in the atrial septum

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formen ovale

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most of the blood in the pulmonary trunk bypasses the lungs by entering fetal vessel

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ductus arteriosus

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carries nutrient rich oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus

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umbilical vein

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carry blood containing carbon dioxide and wastes from the internal iliac arteries to the placenta

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umbilical arteries

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prenancy continues for 38 weeks from conception and ends with

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the birth process

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what suppresses uterine contractions

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progesterone

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where is ocytocin produced

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posterior pituitary gland

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functon of oxytocin

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stimulates powerful uterine contractions

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positive feedback system of labor

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uterine contractions stimulate stronger uterine contractions

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dilation of the cervix stimulates

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posterior pituitary to release oxytocin

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what causes the ductile systems to grow and branch and deposit fat around them

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estrogen

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what does the production of milk occur after birth of the child

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placental progestrone inhibits its milk production and placental lactogen blocks the action of prolactin

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prolactin stimulates

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the mammary glands to make milk

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colostrum

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contains more proteins and less carbs and fats than milk

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milk ejection requires specialized cells in the alveolar glands called

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myoepithelial cells

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neonatal period

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begins at birth and extends to the end of the first four weeks

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newborns most immediate need

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obtain oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide

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ductus venosus contricts after birth and in an adult is the

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fibrous cord or ligamentum venosum imbedded in the liver

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in an adult the depression of the forman ovale

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fossa ovalis

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the ductus arteriosus does what after birth

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constricts and stops the blood from bypassing the lungs

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aging as a passive process is

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the breakdown of structures and slowing of function

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at the molecular level passive aging is seen as

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degeneration of the elastin and collagen proteins of the connective tissues causing skin to sag and muscle to loose firmess

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mitochondra also begins to break down in older cells resulting in

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a decrease in the supply of chemical energy

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free radicals

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highly reactive chemicals

unpaired electron in its outermost valance shell

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lipfuscin granules result from

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passive breakdown of lipids

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apoptosis

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programmed cell death

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inherited traits are determined by

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DNA sequences

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genetics

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how genes confer specific characteristics that affect health or contribute to our natural variation

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charts that display the 23 chromosomes

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karyotypes

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pairs 1-22 are __________which________ carry genes that determine sex

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autosomes

do not

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X and Y carrys genes called the

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sex chromosomes

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have two copies of each autosome

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somatic cells

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alleles

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variant forms of a gene

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two identical alleles of a gene

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homozygous

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person with two different alleles

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heterzygous

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a heterozygote is also called a

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carrier

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combination of alleles constitutes a persons

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genotype

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the appearance health condition or other characterists associated with a particular genotype is a

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phenotype

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patterns of inheritance through families

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modes of inheritance

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an autosomal condition affects

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both sexes

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x linked affects

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males more than females

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y linked traits are

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passed from father to son

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a person inherits an autosomal recessive condition from

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both carrier parents

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recessive conditions can_______ generations

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skip

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three major modes of inheritance are

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autosomal recessive
autosomal dominant
x linked recessive

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shows family members how they are related and their genotypes

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pedigree

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only one disease causing allele is neccessary to inherit a

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autosomal dominant condition

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autosomal dominant disorders begin at

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adulthood

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autosomal recessive disorders begin

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earlier in life

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polygenic

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more than one gene

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traits molded by one or more genes and enviroment are

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multi factorial