Pre Ap U.s. History Terms

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George Washington

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served (1789-1796).
Before John Adams.
Party: In-between Democrat and Federalist.
Head of the Continental Army- led colonists to victory.
Set precedent for only serving 2 terms and for a cabinet.
Farewell Address, 1796---Washington warned against the evils of political parties and "tangling alliances" abroad.
Committed to strong central government.
Proclaimed neutrality in war between France and England (1793).
Sent troops to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania (1794).

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John Adams

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served (1797-1801).
After Washington, before Jefferson.
VP: Jefferson.
Party: Federalist.
The XYZ Affair ocurred during his presidency.
Midnight Appointments---In an attempt to leave his mark on the next administration, Adams spent his final hours in office appointing judges and lesser court officials.
During his administration, the Alien and Sedition Acts--designed to suppress political opposition--were passed.

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Thomas Jefferson

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served (1801-1809).
After John Adams, before Madison.
Party: Democratic-Republican.
VPs: Aaron Burr, George Clinton.
Tripolitan War 1801-1805 ---
He refused to pay tribute to pirates of the Barbary States who were harassing American ships; Tripoli declared war on the U.S. but was defeated in 1805.
Louisiana Purchase, 1803--- For a cost of $15 million, U.S. purchased from France all land west of the Mississippi, doubling the size of the United States.
Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806---Jefferson commissioned Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to embark on a two and ½ year expedition to explore the new American lands.
He wanted to be remembered not for his presidency, but for the roles he played in the creation of the Declaration of Independence, the Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom and the University of Virginia.

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James Madison

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served (1809-1817).
After Jefferson, before Monroe.
Party: Democratic-Republicans.
VPs: George Clinton, Elbridge Gerry.
He was president during the War of 1812 (to 1814) which his critics dubbed "Mr. Madison's War."
Along with John Jay and Alexander Hamilton, he was a co-author of the Federalist Papers.
His wife, Dolly Payne Todd, is famous for her delightful personality and social skills.
He was a central figure in the development of the United States Constitution and kept the most complete notes of anyone at the Constitutional Convention.
Madison stood close to five feet five inches and weighed one hundred pounds.

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James Monroe

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served (1817-1825).
After Madison, before JQA.
Party: Democratic-Republican.
Missouri Compromise, 1820---This law maintained a tenuous balance between number of free and slave states in the Union by admitting Missouri as slave state and Maine as a free state (developed by Henry Clay).
Monroe Doctrine—Monroe’s address to Congress warning European powers against intervention in the Western Hemisphere (written by JQA).
Panic of 1819---Bad banking practices and the War of 1812 sent the nation into an economic panic that lasted until 1821.
He agreed to purchase Florida from Spain in 1819 (Adams-Onís Treaty).
His presidency was known as "The Era of Good Feelings," despite a serious recession in 1819.

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John Quincy Adams

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served (1825-1829).
After Monroe, before Jackson.
Party: Democratic-Republican.
VP: John Calhoun.
He came into power through the "corrupt bargain" (allegedly conspired with Henry Clay- gave him position of Secretary of State- to undermine Jackson and force his election through the House).
Tariff of Abominations, 1828 —This high tariff was proposed by John Q. Adams and signed into law; it was imposed on imported manufactured goods (lowered his popularity).
He served in the House of Representatives for 17 years and remains the only president to hold office in the House after his presidential term expired.
During his House tenure, he was an opponent of slavery. By the time he died, he was known as a champion of freedom of speech.
Henry Clay, the legendary orator of the House, served as his Secretary of State.

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Andrew Jackson

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After JQA, before Martin Van Buren.
Party: Democrat.
VPs: John C. Calhoun, Martin Van Buren.
poils System--- Jackson rewarded many of his political supporters with government jobs. His critics coined the phrase the "spoils system."
ariff and Nullification—In opposition to the Tariff of Abominations, the southern states, led by John C. Calhoun, declared that states had the right to nullify a law. Jackson used armed forcesto collect import duties; the crisis was resolved with a compromise bill sponsored by Henry Clay.
The Bank of the United States---Jackson vetoed the charter for the second Bank of the United States on the grounds that the bank was unconstitutional and favored eastern manufacturers instead of the common people.
He was the first president to ride on a railroad train, the first to be born in a log cabin and the first president to be nominated by a political party.
He killed Charles Dickinson in a duel which he fought to preserve his wife's honor.

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Martin Van Buren

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After Jackson, before William Henry Harrison.
Party: Democratic.
VP: Richard M. Johnson.
Panic of 1837—This economic panic caused by crop failures, the fact that banks stopped converting paper money into gold and silver and an unfavorable balance of trade with England.
Texas Annexation---After winning its independence, Texas applied for U.S. statehood as a slave state. Van Buren opposed the annexation because it exacerbated the slavery debate.
He was described as a "dandy," and known to be an exquisite dresser who enjoyed expensive wine and rich food.

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William Henry Harrison

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After Martin Van Buren, before Tyler.
Party: Whig.
VP: John Tyler.
He served one month, the shortest term of any president.
He gave the longest inauguration speech of any president (8,445 words).
He was the first candidate to have a campaign slogan---"Tippecanoe and Tyler, Too."

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John Tyler

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After W. Harrison, before Polk.
Party: Whig.
VP: none.
Treaty of Wanghia, 1844---U.S. gained access to Chinese ports.
Annexation of Texas, 1845---Texas was admitted to the Union with a dividing line separating slave and free parts of the state.
Preemption Act, 1841---Tyler signed the bill recognizing squatter’s rights to public lands into law.
He was nicknamed "His Accidency," due to the way in which he assumed office (W. Harrison died a month into his presidency).
He was known as a president without a party, and was threatened with impeachment by both the Whigs and the Democratic party.

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James K. Polk

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After Tyler, before Taylor.
Party: Democratic.
Oregon Treaty, 1846---This treaty with Great Britain fixed the border between the U.S. Northwest and Great Britain granting the U.S. land that is now the present day states of Oregon and Washington.
Mexican War, 1846-1848---War fought largely due to strained relations by the U.S. annexation of Texas and a border dispute between the U.S. and Mexico. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgoended the war and fixed the border at the Rio Grande River.
The 1846 Walker tariff- a Democratic bill that reversed the high rates of tariffs imposed by the Whig-backed "Black Tariff" of 1842 under president John Tyler.
He was president during the California gold rush.
He is considered the "Manifest Destiny" president and acquired the most property for the United States since the Louisiana Purchase.

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Zachary Taylor

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After Polk, before Fillmore.
Party: Whig.
VP: Fillmore.
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 1850---Treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain stipulating that any canal constructed across Central America was to be neutral and that neither country could colonize any part of Central America.
He was the second president to die--from illness-- in office and the second president to die in the White House (first was Harrison).
His nickname was "Old Rough and Ready," due to his slovenly dress.
After his participation in the Mexican-American War, he was considered a military hero.

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Millard Fillmore

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After Taylor, before Pierce.
Party: Whig.
VP: none.
Compromise of 1850—This compromise which Fillmore embraced allowed California to be admitted as a free state and enforced the Fugitive Slave Act with suspected fugitives being denied the right to a trial; it helped ward off the Civil War.
Perry’s Mission to Japan, 1852-1854—Matthew Perry, dispatched on a mission to Japan by Fillmore, was successful in opening two Japanese ports for American trade.
"God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil, for which we are not responsible, and we must endure it, till we can get rid of it without destroying the last hope of free government in the world."

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Franklin Pierce

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After Fillmore, before Buchanan.
Party: Democratic.
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854---This act repealed the Missouri Compromise, allowing settlers in the Kansas, Nebraska territories to decide for themselves whether to permit slavery. It led to a bloodyoutbreak in Kansas with casualties numbering 200 (John Brown).
Gadsden Purchase---The U.S. purchased 45,535 miles of land for $10 million. The land today now makes up southernmost Arizona and New Mexico.
During his term, feelings in congress were so intense that fist-fights broke out on the floor of the congress.
During his term, Kansas was known as "Bloody Kansas" due to the state's intense turmoil over the issue of slavery.

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James Buchanan

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After Pierce, before Lincoln.
Party: Democratic.
Panic of 1857--- The failure of the Ohio Life Insurance Company of Cincinnati heralded the start of an economic panic which lasted until the start of the Civil War.
Secession—Before Buchanan left the presidency seven southern states----Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and Texas—left the Union.
He was the only president never to be married.
During his term, the John Brown raid occurred on Harper's Ferry.
During his term, the Lincoln-Douglas debates were being held in Illinois.
During his term the Dred Scott decision was passed which decreed that a slave was not a person but forever property.
Because of the Civil War, Buchanan actually believed he would be the last president of the United States.

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Abraham Lincoln

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16th president (1861-1865) (elected twice).
After Buchanan, before A. Johnson.
Party: Republican.
VPs: Hannibal Hamlin, Andrew Johnson.
Homestead Act, 1862---Federal law granted free land to settlers who stayed on the land for five years.
Morrill Act, 1862---The Federal government granted land to each state which was then sold to finance agricultural and mechanical colleges.
On January 23, 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation.
He was the first president to be assassinated. He was shot five days after the end of the Civil War by John Wilkes Booth.
Just one month after his inauguration, the Civil War began.

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American Party/Know-Nothings

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Political party of the 1850s. The Know-Nothings (so named becaus of their secretiveness) pursued nativist goals, including severe limitations on immigration.

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Articles of Confederation

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The United States' first constitution. The government formed by the Aritcles of Confederation lasted from 1781 (the year before the end of the Revolutionary War) to 1789. The government under the Articles proved inadequate, because it did not have the power to collect taxes from the states, nor could it regulate foreign trade in order to generate revenue from import and export tariffs.

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Great Compromise

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-proposed by Roger Sherman
-Settlement reached at the Constitutional convention between large states and small states. This called for two legislative houses: One in which states were represented by their populations (favoring the large states) called the House of Representatives
-one in which states received equal representation (favoring the small states) Senate

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judicial review

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The power of the Supreme Court to declare lawas and executive actions unconstitutional.

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Land Ordinance of 1785

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A major achievement of the government under the Articles of Confederation. It created an orderly procedure for the settlement of the Ohio Valley.

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Northwest Ordinance of 1787

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-under the Article of Confederation.
-It set specific regulations concerning the conditions under which a territory could apply for statehood.
-bill of rights guaranteeing trial by jury, freedom of religion, and freedom from excessive punishment.
-abolished slavlery in the Northwest territories (northwest of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River, up to the Canadian border).

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Proclamation of 1763

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Prohibited colonists from settling west of the rivers running through the Appalachians. It was issued in response to numerous Native American attacks on the settlers. This angered colonial settlers, who regarded it as unwarranted British interference in colonial affairs. The ban was repealed in 1766.

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Three-Fifths Compromise

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-Agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention between southern and northern states
-south wanted slaves counted among the population for voting purposes but not for tax purposes;
-north opposed
-agreed that 3/5ths of a state's slave population would be counted toward both Congressional apportionment and taxation.

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Whig Party

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Political party from the 1830s to the 1850s. Loosely affiliated group of progressives and religious Americans whose common bond was their opposition to the Democratic Party. This disintegrated because of internal disputes concerning slavery.

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Virginia Company

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A joint-stock company: based in Virginia in 1607, founded to find gold and a water way to the Indies. Confirmed all Englishmen that they would have the same life in the New World, as they had in England, with the same rights. 3 of their ships transported the people that would found Jamestown in 1607.

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Jamestown

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Where the colonists from the Virgina Company first settled in 1606. Marks spot of first American colonization. Almost failed due to starvation, but ultimately thrived.

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House of Burgesses

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The House of Burgeses was the first representative assembly in the New World. The London Company authorized the settlers to summon an assembly, known as the House of Burgeses. A momentous precedent was thus feebly established, for this assemblage was the first of many miniature parliaments to sprout form the soil of America.

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Mayflower Compact

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Created a legal authority and an assembly in Plymouth (first steps towards democracy). Asserted that government's power derived from people, not God.

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Joint-Stock Company

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A group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the King.

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Proprietary Colony

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Colony with chartered ownership given to a proprietor. (Maryland, Pennsylvania and Delaware)

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Puritans

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A group of religious reformists who wanted to "purify" the Anglican Church based on the ideas of John Calvin. Notable voyages were in 1620 (Pilgrims) and 1629 (Massachusetts Bay Colony).

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

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One of the first settlements in New England. Established in 1629 and led under John Winthrop, it became a major Puritan colony.It was a major trading center, and absorbed the Plymouth community

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Maryland

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Declared by Lord Baltimore as haven of religious tolerance for all Christians. Became first major Catholic enclave in the New World.

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Rhode Island

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Established by Roger Williams, it practiced religious tolerance and did require voters to be church members.

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Anne Hutchinson

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A religious dissenter who challenged the principles of Massachusett's religious and political system by claiming she had a special covenant with God. Her ideas became known as the heresy of Antinomianism, a belief that Christians are not bound by moral law. She was latter banned from the count

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Roger Williams

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-banished from the Massachussetts Bay Colony for challenging Puritan ideas (he advocated separation of church and state).
-established Rhode Island (bought from Indians) and helped it to foster religious toleration

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Bacon's Rebellion

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-Nathaniel Bacon; represented poor farmers and showed the gap between rich and poor
-killed all Indians he came in contact with
-torched Jamestown, Virginia and was murdered by Indians

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Dominion of New England

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In 1686, New England, in conjunction with New York and New Jersey, consolidated under the royal authority -- James II. Charters and self rule were revoked, and the king enforced mercantile laws. The new setup also made for more efficient administration of English Navigation Laws, as well as a better defense system. The Dominion ended in 1688 when James II was removed from the throne.

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Glorious Revolution of England

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Bloodless revolution in England that overthrew King James II and replaced him with William and Mary. Ended Dominion of England, Massachusetts became a royal colony, and it inspired the Americans for their own revolution.

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Harvard College

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Founded in 1636, it was the first college in the colonies.
It was originally est. to be a school for ministers and religion.

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Halfway Covenant

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In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial church membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church. It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members. Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

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Salem witchcraft trials

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In the summer of 1692, a mass hysteria took place in which many colonists (primarily women) were convicted and executed for being witches. Because they were experiencing feelings of powerlessness and insecurity, many Puritans found in witchcraft an explanation for the disorder and change around them.

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Great Awakening

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The Great Awakening was a religious revival held in the 1730's and 1740's to modivate the colonial America. Modivational speakers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield helped to bring Americans together.

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Stono Rebellion

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One of the first and most successful slave rebellions in which twenty slaves met and killed many colonists before fleeing and being captured.

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King William's War

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War against French and Natiive Americans on Canadian Border (1689-97)

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Queen Anne's War

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British vs. French (1702-13)

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Salutary neglect

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Period in which English officials/monarchs loosely enforced laws of any kind, and had little influence in the colonies
-was ended by Charles II and James II

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King George's War

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War between British and Spaniards on American soil.

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Albany Congress/Plan of Union

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A conference in the summer of 1754. It advocated a union of the British colonies for their security and defense against French. Held by the British Board of Trade to help cement the loyalty of the Iroquois League. After receiving presents, provisions and promises of Redress of grievances. 150 representatives if tribes withdrew without committing themselves to the British cause.

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Navigation Laws

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A series of laws passed by British to control colonial trade. They ensured that colonists trade on English ships and required many goods to be traded only with England and its colonies. Used to propel theory of mercantalism.

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French and Indian War

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A war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in 1763. Historical significance - established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

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Treaty of Paris (1763)

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Ended French and Indian War

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Sons of Liberty

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An organization established in 1765, these members (usually in the middle or upper class) resisted the Stamp Act of 765. Even though the Stamp Act was repealed in 1766, the Sons of Liberty combined with the Daughters of Liberty remained active in resistance movements.

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Boston Massacre

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British soliders fired on crowd provking them, killing five. Propaganda campaign ensued leading colonists to believe bystanders were innocent, tensions mounted.

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Committees of Correspondence

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Samuel Adams started the first committee in Boston in 1772 to spread propaganda and secret information by way of letters. They were used to sustain opposition to British policy. The committees were extremely effective and a few years later almost every colony had one.

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Boston Tea Party

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A "revolt" on the Tea Act passed by Parliament; Sons of Liberty dressed up like Indians raided English ships in Boston Harbor. They dumped thousands of pounds of tea into the harbor. Led to Coercive Acts. (1773)

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First Continental Congress

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A convention of all colonies (except Georgia) that met for seven weeks in Philadelphia in 1774. It was the American's response to the Intolerable Acts and considered ways of redressing colonial grievances. John Adams and the rest wrote a Declaration of Rights and appeals to the British. It created the Association a pathway to revolution.

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Second Continental Congress

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Met just after first battles of war. Established Continental Army, printed money, created government offices, and chose George Washington to lead army.

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Thomas Paine and "Common Sense"

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-writer who published the bestseller, "Common Sense" in 1776.
-radical idea that the colonies should set up America as an independent, democratic, republic away from England.
-helped spark the colonists rebellion later that year
-was a great influence in American Revolution

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Declaration of Independence

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Formally approved by the Congress on July 4, 1776. Written by Thomas Jefferson, it declared the colonies no longer a part of England. It sharply separated Loyalists from Patriots and helped to start the American Revolution by allowing England to hear of the colonists disagreements with British authority.

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Articles of Confederation

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The first "constitution" governing the Untied States after the Revolution. It was ratified in 1781 and it provided for a "firm league of friendship" between states. The legislative branch (Congress) had no power to regulate commerce or forcibly collect taxes and there was no national executive or judicial branch. It failed, but was an important stepping-stone towards the present constitution because without it the states would never have consented to the Constitution.

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Land Ordinance of 1785

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A red letter law which stated that disputed land the Old Northwest was to be equally divided into townships and sold for federal income. Promoted education and ended confusing legal disagreements over land.

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Land Ordinance of 1787

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Once a territory reached 60,000 citizens, it could become a state.

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Shay's Rebellion

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Impoverished backcountry farmers, many of them Revolutionary war veterans, were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies and revolted under Daniel Shays. The movement was smashed and Shays was condemned to death then later pardoned. The outburst struck fear in the hearts of the propertied class. The rebellion exposed the need for a stronger central government.

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Constitutional Convention of 1787

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Four month convention between state delegates to modify US government. Debated between New Jersey Plan (modifications) and Virginia Plan (new government). Ultimately drafted the Constitution

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Federalist Papers

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A series of articles written in New York newspapers as a source of propaganda for a stronger central government. The articles, written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, were a way for the writers to express their belief that it is better to have a stronger central government. The papers turned out to be a penetrating commentary written on the Constitution.

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Judiciary Act of 1789

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It organized the Supreme Court, originally with five justices and a chief justice along with several federal district and circuit courts. It also created the attorney general's office. This Act created the judiciary branch of the U.S. government and thus helped to shape the future of this country.

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Assumption

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Hamilton's idea that the federal government would assume all state debts.

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First Bank of the United States

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Caused debate between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Hamilton felt that it was in the implied powers of the Constitution that the government could establish the bank to strengthen the economy, but Jefferson felt that while it would be helpful, the government did not have the power to create it. Washington ultimately sided with Hamilton.

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Citizen Genet

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He was a represenative of the French Republic who came to America in order to recruit Americans to help fight in the French Revolution.

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Jay's Treaty

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-John Jay (chief justice)
-Meant to negotiate treaty concerning free trade and Britain’s presence in the US (before War of 1812)
-British agreed that they would evacuate posts on U.S. soil and pay damages for recent seizures of American ships, but would not promise to leave American ships alone in the future
-still demanded payment of pre-war debts.
-Americans were angered by this(not popular)

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Whiskey Rebellion

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A small rebellion against the use of an excise tax on an "economic medium of exchange." Washington crushed the rebellion with excessive force, proving the strength of the national governments power in its military, but was condemned for using a "sledge hammer to crush a gnat." (1794)

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Pinckney's Treaty

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-Gave America what they demanded from the Spanish: free navigation of the Mississippi, large area of north Florida. (Helped America to have unexpected diplomatic sucess) (1795)

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XYZ Affair

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Incident in which French officials demanded a bribe to speak to American diplomats. Published in newspapers (but French names were replaced with X, Y, and Z) and completely reversed American sentiment towards France.

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Alien and Sedition Acts

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Among other things, raised the residency requirement and prohibited anybody from speaking out against the government. It was intended to silence critics of the Federalist party, but contributed to the party's decline.

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Virginia and Kentucky Resolves

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Put into practice in 1798 by Jefferson and James Madison, these resolutions were secretly made to get the rights back taken away by the Alien and Sedition Acts. They also brought about the later compact theory which gave the states more power than the federal government, also known as nullification.

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Adam's "midnight judges"

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A group of judges that was appointed by John Adams the night before he left office. He appointed them to go to the federal courts to have a long term federalist influence, because judges serve for life instead of limited terms

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Marbury v. Madison

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William Marbury (one of Adams' midnight appointments), sued Secretary of State Madison who tried to take away position. Though Chief Justice Marshall sympathized with Marbury, he ruled against him, establishing the idea of judicial review (Supreme Court gets to decide on constitutionality of federal laws).

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Louisiana Purchase

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Although Jefferson was only aiming to get New Orleans, diplomats negotiated with Napolean to recieve the entire Louisiana territory for fairly cheap, doubling the size of the US.

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Embargo Act

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A law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States. Jefferson hoped to weaken the warring France and Britain by shutting off trade, but the act ended up hurting our economy more than theirs. It helped to revive the Federalists and caused New England's industry to grow. It was repealed in 1807 and eventually led to the War of 1812.

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Nonintercourse Act, Force Act, Macon's Bill #2

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Replaced Embargo Act, if either Britian or France repealed their restrictions on US trade, US would embargo other.

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Treaty of Ghent

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An agreement signed by the Americans and the British (who were more concerned with European affairs) that agreed to stop fighting which led to the end of the War of 1812.

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Hartford Convention

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A secret convention of Federalists held in Hartford to discuss their party status and War of 1812. When they wrote their “resolutions” and considered secession, many viewed them as traitors, which ultimately led to the downfall of their party. (1814)

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Second Bank of the US

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Established as part of the American System to save the welfare of the economy after the War of 1812. Forced state banks to call in their loans, which led to foreclosures and the Panic of 1819.

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"Era of Good Feelings"

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The years of Monroe's presidency marked by political harmony and upsurge of nationalism. However, underneath their were conflicts over slavery and sectionalism.

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Adams-Onis Treaty

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The negotiated sale of Spain's territories in eastern and western Florida to the U. S. for $5 million.

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Dartmouth College v. Woodward

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Safeguards businesses from domination by state governments.

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Missouri Compromise

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Admitted Missouri as slave state, Maine as free state, southern border of Missouri was northernmost point slavery was allowed. Stalled the Civil War.

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American System

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Proposed by Henry Clay, it created a protective tariff to American Markets. It used this tariff to build road and canal for better transportation to start a cycle to trading for US market.

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Monroe Doctrine

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Noncolonization (prohibited Europeans from colonizing land in North America) and nonintervention (warned Europeans to stay out of Northern American affairs)

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Gibbons v. Ogden

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Congress alone is allowed to control interstate commerce.

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Tariff of Abominations

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An extremely high tariff that Jacksonian Democrats tried to get Adams to veto. Greatly angered Southerners, who were heavily reliant on manufacturing, were angered by what they considered to be the unfair tariff. (1828)

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Indian removal

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Jackson fought for the relocation of Native Americans.

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Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

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Protected Native American rights to their lands

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Spoils System

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-A system that gave the public offices to the political supporters of the candidate.
-favored by Andrew Jackson

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"Trail of Tears"

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-Native Americans were forced to march hundreds of miles to new indian territory, resulting in the death of thousands.
-Resulted from the Indian Removal Act by President Andrew Jackson

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Nat Turner

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Led a slave rebellion after having a vison that resulted in the death of 60 whites (and later 200 blacks).

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Lowell System

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Guaranteed employees housing in respectable, chaperoned boardinghouses, cash wages, and participation in cultural and social events.

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Commonwealth v. Hunt

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Labor unions ruled not illegal conspiracies, that methods were honorable and peaceful

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Fugitive Slave Act

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Slaves couldn't testify on own behalf, denied a jury trial, and had to be returned if found escaped in North. (Northerners hated this.)

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

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Stated Kansas and Nebraska should come into the Union under popular sovereignty. Senator Stephen A. Douglas introduced it, and it pushed the country even closer the Civil War.

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Republican Party

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In 1854, it formed from the antislavery Whigs and Democrats, the Free-Soilers and various other groups. Ran Lincoln in 1860 and won.

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Dred Scott v. Sanford

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Ruled that slaves were in fact property, and could not sue in court.

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Fort Sumter

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SC saw naval force to protect the fort as a sign of aggression, and fired cannons. South technically won, but North now had chance to delcare war.

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Trent Affair

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Union siezing of confederates upon British ship angered British almost to the point that they supported Confederacy.

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Mercantilism

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-economic policy of Europe in the 1500s through 1700s
-exporting more than is imported
-provided countries both with sources of raw materials and markets for their manufactured goods
-Great Britain exported goods and forced the colonies to buy them
-get as much gold and silver as possible
-self-sufficiency

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Republicanism

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Idea made by Paine.
- Idea that there should be a “republic” where senators, governors, and judges should have their power from the consent of the people.
- He laced his ideas with biblical imagery, familiar to common folk.
- His ideas about rejecting monarchy and empire and embrace and independent republic fell on receptive ears in America, though it should be noted that these ideas already existed.

Front 109

Loyalists

Back 109

Those who supported the King.
- They often went to battle against fellow Americans, and were called “Tories.”
- They were generally conservatives.
- They were most numerous where the Anglican Church was strongest.
-They were less numerous in New England, where Presbyterianism and Congregationalism flourished.

Front 110

Patriots

Back 110

Those who supported rebellion and were called “Whigs.”
-Patriot militias constantly harassed small British detachments.
-They were generally the younger generation, like Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry.

Front 111

Sam Adams

Back 111

He was opposed to the constitution until the Bill of Rights was added, and then he supported it.

Front 112

Ben Franklin

Back 112

Along with Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson, made up the committee which drafted the Declaration of Independence.
- A delegate who signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783.

Front 113

William Pitt

Back 113

British secretary of state during the French and Indian War. He brought the British/colonial army under tight British control and started drafting colonists, which led to riots.

Front 114

Saratoga

Back 114

In 1777, British General John Burgoyne attacked southward from Canada along the Hudson Valley in New York, hoping to link up with General Howe in New York City, thereby cutting the colonies in half. Burgoyne was defeated by American General Horatio Gates on October 17, 1777 at the Battle of Saratoga, surrendering the entire British Army of the North.

Front 115

Treaty of Paris

Back 115

1783 – This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River.
- Treaty between Britain, France, and Spain, which ended the Seven Years War (and the French and Indian War). France lost Canada, the land east of the Mississippi, some Caribbean islands, and India to Britain. France also gave New Orleans and the land west of the Mississippi to Spain, to compensate it for ceding Florida to the British.

Front 116

French and Indian War

Back 116

Part of the Seven Years’ War in Europe. Britain and France fought for control of the Ohio Valley and Canada. The Algonquians, who feared British expansion into the Ohio Valley, allied with the French. The Mohawks also fought for the French while the rest of the Iroquois Nation allied with the British. The colonies fought under British commanders. Britain eventually won, and gained control of all the remaining French possessions in Canada, as well as India. Spain, which had allied with France, ceded Florida to Britain, but received Louisiana in return.

Front 117

Battle of Quebec

Back 117

1759 - James Wolfe lead and army to meet French troops near the Plains of Abraham. Both he and the French commander, Marquis de Montcalm, died. The French were ultimately defeated and the city of Quebec surrendered.
- It was considered to be one of the most significant engagements in British and American history, and when Montreal fell in 1760, that was the last time French flags would fly on American soil.

Front 118

Yorktown

Back 118

Because of their lack of success in suppressing the Revolution in the northern colonies, in early 1780 the British switched their strategy and undertook a series of campaigns through the southern colonies. This strategy was equally unsuccessful, and the British decided to return to their main headquarters in New York City. While marching from Virginia to New York, British commander Lord Cornwallis became trapped in Yorktown on the Chesapeake Bay. His troops fortified the town and waited for reinforcements. The French navy, led by DeGrasse, blocked their escape. After a series of battles, Cornwallis surrendered to the Continental Army on October 19, 1781, which ended all major fighting in the Revolutionary War.

Front 119

Bunker Hill

Back 119

At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, the British troops were based in Boston. The British army had begun to fortify the Dorchester Heights near Boston, and so the Continental Army fortified Breed’s Hill, north of Boston, to counter the British plan. British general Gage led two unsuccessful attempts to take this hill, before he finally seized it with the third assault. The British suffered heavy losses and lost any hope for a quick victory against the colonies. Although the battle centered around Breed’s Hill, it was mistakenly named for nearby Bunker Hill.

Front 120

Radical Whigs

Back 120

-radicals
-played a significant role in the development of the American Revolution
-against England
-rivaled Tories
-Subsequently, when the colonists were indignant about their perceived lack of democratic representation and taxes such as the Stamp Act, Sugar Act, and Tea Act, the colonists broke away from the Kingdom of Great Britain to form the United States.

Front 121

Northwest Ordinance

Back 121

A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Set up the framework of a government for the Northwest Territory. The Ordinance provided that the Territory would be divided into 3 to 5 states, outlawed slavery in the Territory, and set 60,000 as the minimum population for statehood.

Front 122

Impressment

Back 122

British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British.

Front 123

Neutrality Proclamation

Back 123

Washington’s declaration that the U.S. would not take sides after the French Revolution touched off a war between France and a coalition consisting primarily of England, Austria, and Prussia. Washington’s Proclamation was technically a violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778.

Front 124

French and Indian War

Back 124

Part of the Seven Years’ War in Europe. Britain and France fought for control of the Ohio Valley and Canada. The Algonquians, who feared British expansion into the Ohio Valley, allied with the French. The Mohawks also fought for the French while the rest of the Iroquois Nation allied with the British. The colonies fought under British commanders. Britain eventually won, and gained control of all the remaining French possessions in Canada, as well as India. Spain, which had allied with France, ceded Florida to Britain, but received Louisiana in return.

Front 125

Battle of Quebec

Back 125

1759 - James Wolfe lead and army to meet French troops near the Plains of Abraham. Both he and the French commander, Marquis de Montcalm, died. The French were ultimately defeated and the city of Quebec surrendered.
- It was considered to be one of the most significant engagements in British and American history, and when Montreal fell in 1760, that was the last time French flags would fly on American soil.

Front 126

Yorktown

Back 126

Because of their lack of success in suppressing the Revolution in the northern colonies, in early 1780 the British switched their strategy and undertook a series of campaigns through the southern colonies. This strategy was equally unsuccessful, and the British decided to return to their main headquarters in New York City. While marching from Virginia to New York, British commander Lord Cornwallis became trapped in Yorktown on the Chesapeake Bay. His troops fortified the town and waited for reinforcements. The French navy, led by DeGrasse, blocked their escape. After a series of battles, Cornwallis surrendered to the Continental Army on October 19, 1781, which ended all major fighting in the Revolutionary War.

Front 127

Bunker Hill

Back 127

At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, the British troops were based in Boston. The British army had begun to fortify the Dorchester Heights near Boston, and so the Continental Army fortified Breed’s Hill, north of Boston, to counter the British plan. British general Gage led two unsuccessful attempts to take this hill, before he finally seized it with the third assault. The British suffered heavy losses and lost any hope for a quick victory against the colonies. Although the battle centered around Breed’s Hill, it was mistakenly named for nearby Bunker Hill.

Front 128

Northwest Ordinance

Back 128

A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Set up the framework of a government for the Northwest Territory. The Ordinance provided that the Territory would be divided into 3 to 5 states, outlawed slavery in the Territory, and set 60,000 as the minimum population for statehood.

Front 129

Impressment

Back 129

British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British.

Front 130

Neutrality Proclamation

Back 130

Washington’s declaration that the U.S. would not take sides after the French Revolution touched off a war between France and a coalition consisting primarily of England, Austria, and Prussia. Washington’s Proclamation was technically a violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778.

Front 131

War Hawks

Back 131

A term originally used to describe a member of the House of Representatives of the Twelfth Congress of the United States who advocated going to war against Great Britain in the War of 1812.

Front 132

Women's Rights/Seneca Falls

Back 132

Woman's Right Convention, prominent feminists read Declaration of Sentiments: "all men and women are created equal"
-this convention was unsuccessful
-it was led by Mott and Santon

Front 133

Dorothea Dix

Back 133

-idealistic unitarian school teacher who investigated jails and advocated the insane and encouraged the government to build asylums

Front 134

John C. Calhoun

Back 134

-supporter of states rights, nullification, and slavery
-opposed tariffs
-southerner
-served as Vice President under John Adams

Front 135

William Lloyd Garrison

Back 135

New Englander hired by Lundy as an assistant editor
-He established The Liberator
-controversial white abolotionist

Front 136

Rotation in Office

Back 136

-system of removing and hiring new government official so that one party would not have a benefit for one time.
-favored by Andrew Jackson

Front 137

Oregon Territory

Back 137

-disputed over in the Mexican-America War
-before was occupied by Britian and U.S.
-had better prospects for annexation

Front 138

Steven Douglas

Back 138

-Senator of Illinois
-proposed Compromise of 1850(allowed popular sovereignty in NM, CA, OR
-wanted to make Nebraska a territory

Front 139

Wilmont Proviso

Back 139

-proposed by David Wilmont
-would prohibit slavery in any territory gained by negotiation (especially with new acclaimed Mexican territory)

Front 140

non-importation agreement

Back 140

-agreement made by the committee of correspondence
-denied importing British goods
-Sons of Liberty enforced it
-cause brit troops to be sent to colonies

Front 141

Olive Branch Petition

Back 141

-sent by the 2nd Continental Congress to Britain but already started fighting (American Revolution)
-"peaceful message"
-3 demands: cease fire at Boston, repeal Coercive Acts, negotiate American rights
-King George III ignored it

Front 142

headright system

Back 142

-policy of coming over to colonies and investing in a company share in return for 50 acres of land in America

Front 143

writs of assistance

Back 143

-search warrant of private ships which allowed seizure of colonial smuggled goods by Britain officials
-caused Acts, no privacy in homes

Front 144

John Locke

Back 144

-Enlightenment philosopher who thought religion was reasonable and rationale
-order of nature
-reflection on experience
-natural rights: life, liberty, and property
-social contract: government to protect those rights and if not ppl. could overtake gov.

Front 145

New Lights

Back 145

-presbyterians and anglican churches split to for these churches
-congregational church by law
-had to pay tithes to former church
-firey ministers
-members were expelled from legislature
-est. Princeton, Columbia, Brown,
-reached out to lower classes and slaves and NAs

Front 146

Tories

Back 146

-loyal to Britain during Revolution
-some served in British army
-rivaled whigs

Front 147

George Whitefeild

Back 147

-methodist minister who traveled around America to spread religious order
-w/ Johnathan Edwards
-fiery sermons to convert masses

Front 148

Toleration Act

Back 148

-in Maryland was passed by proprietor Lord Baltimore to protect Catholics in a minority against the majority of Protestants

Front 149

City on a Hill

Back 149

-established by John Winthrop and non-separatist Puritans
-wanted to make Massachusetts Bay a utopian society to shame the Anglican Church into reform

Front 150

Protestant Reformation

Back 150

-new religions divided Christianity in Europe
-Martin Luther (Lutheranism-conversion experience)
-John Calvin (Calvinism)
-revolution against Catholicism

Front 151

Dominion of New England

Back 151

-established by James II
-super colony of northern colonies w/ capital @ Boston
-governor appointed by James: Edmund Andros
-limited town meetings and enforced Navigation Acts

Front 152

Henry Clay

Back 152

-Great Compromiser
-war hawk(for War of 1812 against England)
-Missouri Compromise: prohibited slavery in Louisiana Territory but Missouri would be a slave state and Maine would be a free state
-lost presidency 3 times
-Compromise Tariff: w/ S. Carolina gradual rate reduction (didnt nullify it)
-8-part Omnibus Bill to settle controversy after Mex-Amer. War

Front 153

John Marshall

Back 153

-Chief Justice
-est. judicial review (Marbury vs. Madison)
-increased power of national government