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408 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sponge
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Organisms that are asymmetrical, sessile, filter feeders with few specialized cells.
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Hermaphrodites
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An organism that has both male and female sexual organs.
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Cnidarians
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Organisms that are radially symmetrical and have specialized stinging cells on tentacles for capturing prey. They can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
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Platyhelminths
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Flatworms with bilateral symmetry.
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Nematodes
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Roundworms with a one way digestive tract.
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Mulluska
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Soft bodied organisms, usually having an external shell.
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Arthropoda
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Organisms with exoskeletons and jointed appendages.
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Echinoderms
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Spiny skinned organisms.
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Phylum Chordata
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An organism that has a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal pouches, and a tail.
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Hollow nerve cord
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(The spinal cord) It runs along the back part of the body. It's nerves branch off a regular intervals that connect to internal organs, muscles and sense organs.
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Notochord
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A long supporting rod that runs down the body just below the nerve chord. Usually only present during the embryonic stage of development of an organism.
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Pharyngeal Pouches
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Paired structures in the throat region of an organism that may develop into gill slits used for gas exchange in fish and amphibians.
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Invertebrate
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Organisms that do not have backbones.
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Tunicates
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Soft bodied marine organisms that have the same characteristics as chordates as larvae.
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Lancelets
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Small fish like organisms that live half buried on the bottom of the ocean. They do not have fins or a true heart, but they do have gill slits.
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Agnatha
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Jawless fish.
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Chondrichthyes
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Fish with skeletons of cartilage.
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Osteichthyes
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Bony ray- finned fishes.
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Amphibia
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The vertebrate class of organisms that lacks scales, claws, and fur.
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Reptilia
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The vertebrate class of organisms that have dry scaly skin, and have lungs.
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Aves
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The vertebrate class of organisms that have feathers, wings, and legs covered with scales.
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Mammalia
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The vertebrate class of organisms that have hair and nourish their young with milk.
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Animals
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Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophs whose cells lack cell walls.
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Invertebrates
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Animals without backbones.
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Vertebres
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Animals with backbones.
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Asymmetrical
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When an organism's body has no symmetry.
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Symmetrical
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When one half of the organism matches the other half across a dividing plane.
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Radial Symmetry
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When an organism's body parts repeat around the center axis of the body.
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Bilateral Symmetry
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When animal can only be divided by one plane down the middle into two equal halves.
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Cephalization
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The concentration of sense organs and nerve cells are at the front end of the body.
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Cellulose
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Polymers of sugar.
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Saprobes
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Parasitic autotrophs.
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Bryophytes
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Mosses. Nonvascular plants.
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Pterophytes
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Ferns. Have true vascular tissue, strong roots, and large leaves called fronds.
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Gymnosperms
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Conifers. Characterized by producing seeds on the surface of cones. Require no water for fertilization.
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Angiosperms
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Flowering plants.
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Xylem
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Carries water upward from the roots to all parts of the plants.
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Phloem
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Transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis to all parts of the plant.
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Pollen grain
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The male gametophyte in seed plants.
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Ovule
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The female gametophyte in seed plants.
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Seed
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The 2N embryo of the plant that is encased on a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply.
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Fruit
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A thick wall of surrounding tissue to protect the seed.
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Annuals
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Plants that die each year.
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Perennials
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Plants that continue to live through winter and grow from year to year.
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Biennials
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Plants that have a life cycle that lasts 2 years. They grow roots, produce flowers and seed , then die.
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Hormone
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A substance produced in one part of an organism that has an effect in another part of the organism.
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Target cell/ hormone
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The portion of an organism that is affected by a particular hormone.
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Auxins
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Plant hormones that stimulate growth towards a source of light.
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Gravitropism
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The tendency of a plant to grow in response to the force of gravity.
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Tropism
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When plants change their patterns and directions of growth in response to environmental stimuli.
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Thimotrophism
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The response of plants to touch.
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Binary Fission
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When a bacteria has grown to double its size, it replicates its DNA and divides in half into daughter cells. Asexual reproduction.
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Protista
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An organism that is not a plant, animal, or fungus.
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Spore
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A haploid reproductive cell that is capable of growing into a new individual without fusing with another cell.
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Symbiosis
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A relationship where two species live close together.
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Mutualism
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A relationship between two organisms that live close together in which both organisms are benefited in some way.
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Commensalism
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A relationship between two organisms that live close together in which one organism is benefited while the other is unaffected.
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Parasitism
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A relationship between two organisms that live close together in which one organism is harmed and the other is benefited.
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Louis Pasteur
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The scientist who disproved spontaneous generation by showing that broth that was boiled and left in a flask did not spontaneously grow.
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Germ Theory of Disease
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1. The pathogen should always be found in a sick organism and never in a healthy one.
2.The pathogen must be isolated and grown in a lab culture. 3.When the culture pathogen is placed in a new host, it should cause the same disease that infected the original host. 4.The pathogen should be recovered from the second host, and should be identical to the original pathogen. |
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Viruses
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Particles of nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat, and sometimes lipids form the host cell.
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Capsid
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A protein coat.
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Bacteriophages
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Viruses that infect bacteria.
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Lytic Infection
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When the virus enters a cell, makes copies of itself, causing the cell to burst.
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Lysogenic Infection
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When a virus integrates its DNA into the DNA of the host cell, and the viral genetic information replicates along with the host's cell DNA indefinitely. At some point the virus activates and goes into a lytic cycle.
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Taxonomy
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The discipline of classifying organisms and assigning names.
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Taxon
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Each level of categorization.
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Monera
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The kingdom for bacteria.
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Phylogeny
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The study of evolutionary descent, not just what they look like.
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Cladogram
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Model used to represent the evolutionary history of an organism.
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Domain
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Larger grouping system than kingdom.
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Eukarya
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Includes potist, fungi, plant, and animal kingdoms.
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Bacteria
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Includes the eubacteria kingdom.
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Archaea
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Includes the archaea bacteria kingdom
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Reproductive Isolation
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When the members of two populations can no longer interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
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Geographical Isolation
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Physical separation and isolation of a population from another by land bridges, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other land masses and natural disasters.
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Behavioral Isolation
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Separation and isolation of a population from another due to differences in behavior.
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Temporal Isolation
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Separation and isolation of a population from another due to different reproductive times
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Adaptive Radiation
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One species of a small group of species evolves into several different forms that become less and less like each other as time passes.
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Convergent Evolution
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Unrelated species start to resemble each other more as time passes. Change due needing to meet environmental demands.
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Coevolution
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When two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time.
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Theory
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A proposed explanation for something in the natural world.
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Aleksandr Oparin
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Hypothesized that the origins of all life came from nonliving chemical substances which spontaneously formed in Earth's early atmosphere, then combined to make more complex chemicals until, eventually, living cells were formed.
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Prokaryotic
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The first cells on Earth. Single cell organisms with no nucleus of membrane bound organelles.
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Endosymbiotic Theory
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Eukaryotic cells formed form a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms.
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Natural Selection
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The process in which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully. "Survival of the fittest."
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Gene pool
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All the genes, including differents alleles, that are present in a population.
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Population
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All of the same species in one area.
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Genetic diversity
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The total sum of all genetic information carried by all organisms living on Earth.
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Relative Frequency
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The number of times that allele occurs in a gene pool.
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Evolution
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Any change in the relative frequency of alleles in a population.
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Gene shuffling
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Occurs during the production of gametes. When you do not look exactly like either of your parents due to the independent assortment of alleles that occurs during meiosis.
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Evolutionary fitness
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An organism's success in passing genes to the next generation.
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Adaptation
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Any trait that increases an individual's chance of survival and reproduction.
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Directional Selection
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When individuals with one of the extreme forms of a trait has a better fitness that other forms other forms of the trait, the range of phenotypes shifts as the individuals with lower fitness die out.
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Stabilizing Selection
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When the moderate form of a trait outcompetes the two extremes.
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Disruptive Selection
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When individuals of both extreme forms of a trian outcompete the middle/ moderat form.
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Founder Effect
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A situation in which the allele frequencies change as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population.
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Genetic Drift
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When an allele becomes more or less common simply by chance.
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Random Mating
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The theory that every member of the population must have an equal opportunity to produce offspring.
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Homologous structures
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Body structures that are found in similar patterns in many organisms.
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Vestigial Structure
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Body parts that have no apparent function, but resemble useful body parts of another organism.
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Cladograms
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The gram that shows the evolutionary relationships among organisms.
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Analogous Structures
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A structure that has the same function but different construction and was NOT inherited from a common ancestor.
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Fossil Record
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The chronological order of fossils found by comparing older rock layers with fossils from newer rock layers.
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Geographic Distribution
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Similar animals in different locations were the product of different lines of evolutionary descent. Indicates that these animals have common ancestral species
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Embryonic Development
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When embryos and fetuses of different species show similar characteristics which grow and change into pre- programmed organisms as gestation continues.
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Biochemistry
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The scientific evidence of degrees of relativity between different species.
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Incomplete dominance
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When one allele is not completely dominant over the other.
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Codominance
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When two alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.
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Polygenic Traits
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Traits controlled by two or more genes.
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Karyotype
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A picture of chromosomes.
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Sex chromosomes
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The two chromosomes that determine the individual's sex.
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Autosomes
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The other 44 chromosomes.
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Turners syndrome
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Where a female only inherits one X chromosome. The female remains sterile.
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Klinefelter's syndrome
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When a male inherits more that one X chromosome.
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XYY triat
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When a male has more the one Y chromosome.
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Trisomy X
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When a female inherits an extra X chromosome.
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Hybrids
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The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits.
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Law of Dominance
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In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only one form of the trait will appear in the F1 generation.
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Law of Independent Assortment
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Alleles for different traits are distributed to sex cells independently of each other.
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Law of Segregation
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During formation of gametes, the alleles responsible for a trait separate from each other.
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Dominant allele
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The trait that is expressed.
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Recessive allele
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The trait that will be hidden.
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Homozygous
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Two identical alleles for a given trait.
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Heterozygous
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Two different alleles for a given trait.
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Phenotype
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The physical appearance of the alleles.
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Genotype
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The symbolic representation of the alleles.
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Monohybrid Cross
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A breeding experiment looking at only one trait.
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Genetic diversity
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The total sum of all the different forms genes found in a species.
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Gamete cells
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The germ cells that are involved in sexual reproduction. Ex. Sperm cells and eggs. Are haploid.
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Somatic cells
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The cells that form a multicellular organism except for the germ cells. Ex. Kidney cells, lung cells, skin cells, etc. Are diploid.
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Diploid
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Two sets of chromosomes.
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Haploid
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One set of chromosomes
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Homologous chromosomes
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Pairs of chromosomes that carry genes for the same characteristics. Ex. Hair color, height, etc.
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Meiosis 1
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Includes Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, and Cytokinesis.
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Prophase 1
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Chromosomes pair with their corresponding homologous to form a tetrad.
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Metaphase 1
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Tetrads line up along the center of the cell.
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Anaphase 1
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Spindle fibers begin to pull the homologous chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell.
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Telophase 1
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Nuclear membranes begin to form and the cell separates into two new haploid cells.
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Meiosis 2
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The meiosis stage in which sister chromatids are separated. Includes Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2, and Cytokinesis.
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Prophase 2
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Chromosomes condense and become visible.
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Metaphase 2
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Chromosomes line up along the center.
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Anaphase 2
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Sister chromatids separate to opposite sides.
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Respiration
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The process used by all organisms to release energy from food molecules.
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Glycolysis
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The process in which a glucose molecule is broken in half, into 2 molecules of pyruvates. This process does not require oxygen.
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Aerobic Respiration
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The process of respiration that does not require oxygen.
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Electron transport chain
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A series of carrier in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
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Photosynthesis
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The process in which autotrophs use energy of the sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy sugars and oxygen in a chemical reaction.
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Autotrophs
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Organisms that can make their own food.
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Phototrophs
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Organisms that make their own food using energy from the sun.
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Chemotrophs
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Organisms that make their own food using energy from chemicals.
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Heterotrophs
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Organisms that obtain their energy from the food they consume.
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Reactants
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The substances that enter a chemical reaction.
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Products
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The substances that are made from a chemical reaction.
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Chlorophyll
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The pigment found in the cells of autotrophs that is used to capture the sun's energy from light waves.
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Thylakoid
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Saclike photosynthetic membranes of chloroplasts.
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Stroma
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The area surrounding the thylakoids.
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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A high energy molecule that is produced from ADP.
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Mitosis
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The division to nuclear material during somatic cell division. Occurs after interphase. Produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical.
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Prophase
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The longest phase of mitosis.
Centrioles in animal cells separate and position themselves on opposite sides of the cell. Spindle fibers began to form. The nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope breaks down. |
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Metaphase
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The duplicated chromosomes line up across the equator of the cell, and the microtubules connect the centromere of each chromosome to the poles of the spindle.
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Anaphase
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The centromeres split and the spindle fibers move chromosomes apart to opposite poles of the cell. The chromosomes separated into two groups.
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Telophase
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The chromosomes begins to unwind back into chromatin. A new nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes.
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Cytokinesis
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The division of the cytoplasm and the divvying up of the cell's organelles that follow nuclear division (mitosis).
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Cyclin
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A protein found in cells that are dividing that regulates the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.
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External Regulator
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Proteins that respond to events outside the cell.
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Cell division
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The creation of two new cells when an adult cell reaches its size limit.
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Chromosomes
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Carries the genetic information of the cell. Made up of tightly coiled strands of DNA.
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Interphase
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The phase during the cell cycles in which the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and carries out its everyday functions.
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M phase
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Consisting of mitosis and cytokinesis.
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G1 Phase
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Cells grow in size and make new proteins and organelles.
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S Phase
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Cells replicate their DNA.
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G2 Phase
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Cells produce organelles and molecules needed for cell division.
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Polyploid cell
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A cell with more than two sets of chromosomes.
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Haploid cell
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A cell with one set of chromosomes.
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Diploid cell
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A cell with 6 chromosomes.
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Triploid cell
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A cell with 9 chromosomes.
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Sterile
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Unable to reproduce.
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Diploid cell
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A cell with two sets of chromosomes. |
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Mutation
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Any changes in the sequence or amount of a cell's DNA.
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Point Mutation
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A mutation that only involves one or a few nucleotides. Has three types: substitution, deletion, and insertion.
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Chromosomal Mutation
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A mutation that involves changes in the number or structure of chromosomes.
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Substitution
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A mutation in which one nucleic acid is substituted for another, resulting in one new/ different amino acid.
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Insertion
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A mutation that is considered to be a frameshift mutation because it shifts the reading frame, resulting in a new string of amino acids.
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Deletion
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A mutation that is considered to be a frameshift mutation because it shifts the reading frame, resulting in a new string of amino acids. It also involves all loss of all or part of a chromosome.
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Duplications
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A mutation that produces extra copies of parts of a chromosome.
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Inversion
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A mutation in that reverses the direction of a mutation.
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Translocation
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The process in which portion of one chromosome breaks off and attaches itself to another chromosome.
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Transcription
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The information on the DNA is used to produce RNA.
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Translation
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The information on the RNA is used to make proteins.
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Messenger RNA
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Carries instructions for making proteins from the DNA to the ribosomes.
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Ribosomal RNA
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Combines with proteins to make ribosomes.
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Transfer RNA
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Carries amino acid to the ribosome to be assembled into proteins.
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Unicellular organisms
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Organisms that consist of only one cell.
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Multicellular organisms
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Organisms that consist of more than one cell.
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Cell specialization
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Each type of cell has a different role in the organism.
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Cell
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The basic unit of life.
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Tissue
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A group of similar cells that perform a specific function.
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Organ
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Groups of tissues that work together.
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Organ system
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When a group of organs work together
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Fluid mosaic model
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The model used to describe the structure of a cell membrane.
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Proteins
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Macromolecule that can for channels or pumps to move materials across the membrane.
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Carbohydrate chains
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Act as chemical identification cards so that cells can recognize each other.
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Cell wall
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Found in plants, algae, fungi and some bacteria, these lie outside the cell membrane and allow water, oxygen, CO² and other substances to pass through. Its main function is to provide support and protection.
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Phospholipids
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Made up of two parts: a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head.
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Cell membranes
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Lipid bilayers (made up of two layers of lipids) It is a thin barrier around a cell, and regulates what enters and leaves the cell, providing protection and support.
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Robert Hooke
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The scientist who looked at cork through microscope, and gave cells their name.
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Light microscopes
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Microscopes that use lenses and light to magnify objects.
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Electrons microscopes
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Microscopes that uses beams of electrons to magnify objects. Has two types, and is the stronger type of microscope.
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Anton va Leeuwenhoek
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The scientist that looked at pond and drinking water through a microscope, and found tiny organisms.
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Matthias Schleiden
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The scientist that concluded that plants are made of cells.
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Theodor Schwann
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The scientist that concluded that animals are made of cells.
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Rudolph Virchow
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The scientist that proposed that all cells come from existing cells.
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The Cell theory
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1. All living things are made up of cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. 3. New cells are produced from existing cells. 4. Cells contain specialized structures to perform functions necessary for life. |
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The Modern Cell Theory
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1. Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occur within the cell.
2. Cells contain hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell division. 3. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species. |
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Nucleus
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A nucleus is a large membrane- bound structure that contains the cell's genetic material and controls the majority of the cell activities.
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Prokaryotes
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Cells that do not contain a nucleus. They are simple, generally unicellular, and don't have membrane-bound organelles.
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Eukaryotes
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Cells that contain a nucleus. They are complex, can grow, and have membrane -bound organelles.
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Nucleus
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A large membrane bound structure that contains the cell's genetic material and controls the majority of the cell's activities. Control center of the cell. Contains DNA.
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Cytoplasm
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The area outside of the nucleus where specialized organelles are found.
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Cell membrane
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The thin, flexible barrier surrounding the cell.
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Nuclear envelope
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A double membrane that envelops the nucleus.
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Nuclear pores
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Area where information can flow in and out of the nucleus and membrane.
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Nucleolus
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Where the assembly of ribosomes begins.
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Ribosomes
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The site where proteins are synthesized. Small particles of RNA and proteins found throughout the cytoplasm either free- floating or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Transports materials through a cell; it is also where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled along with proteins.
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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The portion of the ER that is involved in protein synthesis. Called "rough" ER because it has ribosomes along its surface.
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Does not have any ribosomes on it's surface.
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Golgi Apparatus
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An organelle that sorts, modifies and packages proteins and other material from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion out of the cell.
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Lysosomes
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Carry out intracellular digestion. Filled with enzymes that help to break down lipids, carbohydrates and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell. Break down unwanted material in the cell.
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Vesicles
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Saclike structures, found in most cells, which store materials.
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Vacuole
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A vesicle which contains mostly water.
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Chloroplasts
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The organelles that convert energy form the sun into energy that can be used by plant cells and some other organisms. The site of photosynthesis.
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Cytoskeleton
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A network of protein filaments that helps support the cell and helps with movement.
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Microfilaments
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Threadlike structures made of actin. They help support the cell and help the cell move.
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Microtubules
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Hollow structures made up of tubulins. They help maintain cell shape, assist in cell division, and help build flagella and cilia.
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Centrioles
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Found in the cytoplasm during cell division. They are not visible at other times of the cell cycle, but are present in a area of the cytoplasm called the centrosome. Composed of microtubules.
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DNA
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Provides the instructions for making proteins and other important molecules. Holds the hereditary genetic information of an organism.
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Organelles
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Structures in a cell with specific functions.
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Mitochondria
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Organelles that convert stored energy, from food, into energy that can be used by the cell. The site of cellular respiration.
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Chemical Reaction
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The process that changes on set of chemicals into another.
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Reactant
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Elements or compounds that you start with.
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Activation energy
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The initial input energy that starts a chemical reaction.
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Catalyst
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Speeds up the rate of a reaction by lowering the amount of activation energy needed to start the reaction.
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Enzymes
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Proteins that act as biological catalysts.
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Activation site.
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The site that enzymes provide for the reactants to react.
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Proton
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Positively charged particle in an atom
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Electron
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Negatively charged particle in an atom
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Neutron
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Particles in an atom with no charge
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Element
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Pure substances that consist of entirely one type of atoms.
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Compound
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Two or more elements chemically bonded together.
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Acid
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A substance with a high concentration of hydrogen ions(H+)
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Cohesion
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The attraction between molecules of the same substance.
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Adhesion
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The attraction between molecules of different substances.
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Organic Chemistry
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The study of organic compounds containing carbon.
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Macromolecule
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Very large molecules.
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Monomer
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Smaller molecules.
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Polymer
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Strings of smaller molecules joined together.
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Nucleic Acids
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Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. It's function is to store and transmits heredity or genetic information.
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Protein
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Composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. It's function's are to control rate of reactions and regulate cell processes, form bones and muscles, transport substance into and out of cells. and help fight diseases.
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Lipid
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Composed of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. Used as spare energy.
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Enzyme
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Proteins that act as biological catalysts.
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Reactants
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Elements or compounds that you start with, found on the left hand side of the reaction arrow.
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Products
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Elements or compounds produced from the reactants, found on the right hand side of the reaction arrow.
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Substrate
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Reactants in an enzyme.
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Heat Capacity
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The amount of heat an object can take in.
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Macromolecules
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Very large molecules.
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Polymers
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Strings of smaller molecules joined together.
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Polymerization
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The joining of Monomers by chemical bonding to form polymers.
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Plant starch
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Excess sugar stored in plants.
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Hydrolysis
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The breaking of a bond by adding water.
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Lipids
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Composed of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. Used as spare energy.
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Saturated lipids
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Lipids that all have single bonds, and are generally solid at room temperature.
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Unsaturated lipids
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Lipids that have at least one double or triple bond, and is generally liquid at room temperature.
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Nucleotide
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The unit of nucleic acids.
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Carbohydrates
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Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
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Monosaccharaides
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Single sugar molecules.
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Polysaccharides
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Chains of sugar molecules.
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Glycogen
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Animal starch.
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Dehydration Synthesis
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The process in which monomers of sugar combine in chains.
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Nucleic Acid
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Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. It's function is to store and transmits heredity or genetic information.
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Adenosine triphosphate
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One particular nucleotide all by itself has a very important role in all cells. ATP is the cellular form of energy.
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Proteins
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Composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. It's function's are to control rate of reactions and regulate cell processes, form bones and muscles, transport substance into and out of cells. and help fight diseases.
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Amino acids
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The monomer of proteins.
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Solution
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A mixture of two or more elements or compounds.
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Solvent
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Dissolving substance in a solution
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Solute
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Dissolved particles in a solution
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Suspension
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A mixture of water and undissolved particles.
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Acids
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Substances with a high concentration of hydrogen ions.(H+) Low pH.
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Base
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Substances with a high concentration of OH-. High pH.
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Buffer
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A weak acid or base that can react to changes in pH by removing or releasing H+ ions as needed.
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Low pH
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The substance is acidic. (Has a lot of H+)
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High pH
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The substance is basic. (Has less H+)
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Homeostasis
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Cells and systems maintain a constant internal balance.
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Aqueous
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When compounds are dissolved in water.
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pH scale
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The model used to identify how acidic or basic a substance.
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Dissolved CO2
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The buffer in the human blood.
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Hand lens
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Magnifies small objects
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Dissecting Tray
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holds specimen to be dissected, allowing them to be pinned in place
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dissecting pins
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Used to immobilize specimens while dissecting
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Forceps
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Used to dissection, can pick up or hold tissues
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Scissors
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Used to snip tissues in a dissection
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Probe
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Pointed object to assist in isolating tissue while dissecting
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Scalpel
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Slices into tissues in a dissection
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Goggles
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Protects the eyes from chemicals, fire, glass
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Triple beam balance
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Measures mass
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Graduated cylinder
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Used to measure liquids, cannot be heated
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Test tube
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Holds small amounts of liquid, can be heated
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Beaker
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Holds larger quantities of liquids in drops, cannot be used for measuring
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test tube rack
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Holds test tubes upright
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Bunsen burner
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Heats objects
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Eyedropper
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Dispenses liquid drops, cannot be used for measuring
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Pipette
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Dispenses liquids in individual drops, sometimes has markings for measurements
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Microscope
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Magnifies very small objects as long as light can pass through them
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Slide
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Holds specimens for observation with microscope
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Cover slip
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Covers material on a slide
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Perti dish
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Shallow dish used for observation with the microscope
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Erlenmyer flask
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Holds larger quantities of liquids, has a narrow mouth to prevents splashing. Can be heated, NOT used to measure
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Funnel
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Aids in transferring liquids into a small-mouthed container
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Ruler
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Measures length
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Data
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information collected by observations
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Qualitative Data
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data that is based on observable characteristics of things or events that can be collected using the five senses.
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Quantitative Data
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data that is based on measurable characteristics of things or events such as mass, volume, length, and quantity.
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Hypothesis
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a testable explanation for observations and questions about the physical universe
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Variable
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any factor that can effect the outcome of an experiment
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Dependent Variable
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a factor that responds to changes in other variables in an experiment; usually what you are observing, measuring in an experiment
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Independent Variable
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a factor that is changed or manipulated by the scientist in an experiment
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Experimental group
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the group that is changed or manipulated in a experiment
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Control group
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the group or subject that is used as a standard in a experiment
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Constant
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a variable that remains the same for both the experimental and control
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Observation
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use of one or more senses to gather information
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Optimum
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the most favorable conditions for growth of an organism; the best option
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Experimental error
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incorrect data in an experiment that may result from a variety of caused
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Validity
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a measurement of how fairly or accurately the experiment tests the hypothesis
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Reliability
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a measurement of how consistent and trustworthy the data is
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Inference
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a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and experience
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Theory
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an accepted explanation of the natural world based on extensive testing and observation. No theory is considered the absolute truth
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Law
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A concise statement that describes an action, frequently a mathematical equation
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Photic zone
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The vertical portion in the water that light penetrates.
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Aphotic zone
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The vertical portion in the water where light does not penetrate.
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Flowing-water ecosystems
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Rivers, streams, creeks, and brooks.
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Standing-water ecosystems
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Lakes and ponds.
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Freshwater Wetlands
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Ecosystems where water covers soil for all or part of the year.
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Estuaries
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Bodies of water formed where rivers meet the ocean.
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Detritus
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Tiny pieces of organic material, including dead organisms and organism waste that settle to the bottom of aquatic ecosystems.
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Intertidal zone
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The ocean zone that is submerged with water for a portion of everyday.
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Coastal Ocean zone
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The ocean zone that extends from the low tide to the outer edge of the continental shelf.
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Emigration
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The movement of individuals out of a population.
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Immigration
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The movement of individuals into a population.
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Exponential growth
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When the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate.
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Logistic growth
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When a population's growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth.
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Carrying capacity
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The largest numbers of individuals of a population that a given environment can support.
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Density-Dependent limiting factors
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Factors that depend on the population size.
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Density-independent limiting factors
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Factors that affect all populations in similar ways regardless of population size.
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Competition
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When organisms of the same or different species compete for the same resources in the same place at the same time.
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Competitive exclusion principle
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No two species can occupy the same niche and same habitat at the same time and both survive.
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Predation
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When one organism captures and feeds on another organism.
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Symbiosis
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When two or more organisms live closely together.
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Mutualism
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When both species benefit from the relationship.
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Parasitism
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When one organism lives on or in another organism and harms it.
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Commensalism
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When one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed.
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Ecological Succession
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A series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time.
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Primary Succession
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A series of predictable changes that occur on land where no soil exists.
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Secondary Succession
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A series of predictable changes that occur when a disturbance destroys a community without destroying the soil.
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Pioneer species
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The first species to populate an area during primary succession.
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Ecosystem diversity
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Measures the variety of habitats, living communities, and ecological processes in the living world.
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Species diversity
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Measures the number of different species in the biosphere.
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Genetic diversity
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Measures the different number of genetic information carried by all organisms currently living on Earth.
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Habitat Fragmentation
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Splitting of ecosystems into small fragments that are unable to support large populations and communities of organisms.
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Deforestation
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The destruction of forests for human use.
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Pollution
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The addition of harmful material into the biosphere through land, air, or water. Pollutants can destroy ecosystems and communities.
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Agriculture
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The use of farming.
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Invasive species
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Organisms that have been introduced to ecosystems where they are not native.
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Biogeochemical cycles
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Processes in which elements, chemical compounds, other forms of matter are passed from on organism to another and form one part of the biosphere to another.
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Water cycle
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The movement of water between the atmosphere, ground, and bodies of water.
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Carbon cycle
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Involves four main processes: respiration, combustion, decomposition, and photosynthesis.
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Nitrogen cycle
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Conversion of nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into usable compounds.
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Phosphorus cycle
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The movement of phosphorus through land, ocean sediments, and organisms, but not the atmosphere.
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Ecology
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The scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment.
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Species
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A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.
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Population
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A group of organisms of the same species that live in same area.
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Community
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An assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area.
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Ecosystem
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A collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place together with their nonliving environment.
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Habitat
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The area where an organism lives within an ecosystem.
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Niche
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The full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organisms lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions within an ecosystem.
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Biome
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A group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities(same types to plants and animals).
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Biosphere
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The part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere.
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Biotic factors
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The living components on an ecosystem.
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Abiotic factors
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The physical, non-living components of an ecosystem.
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Climate
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The average, year after year conditions of temperature and precipitation region.
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Polar Zone
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A cold climate zone where the sun's rays strike Earth at a very low angle.
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Temperate Zone
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A moderate climate zone between the polar zones and the tropics.
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Tropical Zone
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A warm climate zone that receives direct or nearly direct sunlight year round.
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Food chain
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Shows the pathway of energy flow among organisms in an ecosystem.
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Food web
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A group of interconnected food chains.
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Trophic Level
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A step in the food chain.
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Autotroph
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(Producer) an organism that can capture from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food.
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Phototroph
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An organism that coverts light energy from the sun through a process of photosynthesis.
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Chemotroph
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An organism that converts chemical energy from inorganic molecules through the process of chemosynthesis.
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Heterotroph
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(Consumer) is an organism that obtains energy from the food it eats or absorbs.
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Herbivores
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Organisms that obtain energy by eating producers.
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Carnivores
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Organisms that obtain energy by eating other consumers.
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Omnivores
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Organisms that obtains energy eating both producers and consumers.
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Detrivores
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Organisms that obtain energy by eating detritus made of the remains of once living organisms.
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Energy Pyramid
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Shows the amount energy available at each tropic level.
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Biomass Pyramid
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Shows the total amount of living by mass (weight) at each trophic level.
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Numbers pyramid
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Shows the number of individual organisms at each trophic levels.
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