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50 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Heredity
how characteristics are passed on from parents to offspring
Trait
a specific characteristic produced by a gene
Gene
sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
Chromosome
threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carries genetic information through the form of DNA
Allele
the different forms of a gene
Dominant
the trait that will be expressed if it is present (capital letters)
Recessive
the trait that will be hidden (lower-case letters)
Locus
the position of the genes on a chromosome
Hybrid
the offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
Haploid
having a single set of chromosomes
Diploid
having 2 sets of chromosomes. 1 from each parent
Phenotype
the physical appearance of the allels
Homozygous
2 identical alleles for a given trait (BB,bb)
Heterozygous
2 different alleles for a given trait (Bb)
Karyotype
an organized profile of a person's chromosomes. Their picture is taken during cell division. It is cut, arranged and numbered by size.
Codominance
in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism
Gamete
a reproductive cell, haploid
Mendel's Law of Segregation
During meiosis, the alleles responsible for a trait separate from each other
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment
Alleles for different traits are distributed to gametes independently of each other
Mendel's Law of Dominance
In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only 1 form of the trait will appear (In Bb, only B will show)
Gregor Mendel
monk who used pea plants to study genetics, Father of Genetics
Incomplete Dominance
when both alleles are partially shown by blending
Multiple alleles
many genes having more than 2 alleles, ex: ABO Blood group
Polygenic Inheritance (Traits)
when traits are controlled by 2 or more genes
Test Cross
method used to identify the genotype of an organism by crossing it with a (homozygous) recessive organism
9:3:3:1
the ratio resulted from a dihybrid cross between 2 parents that are heterozygous for both traits
Genetic Diversity
the sum total of all the different forms of genes found in a species
Parent or P1 generation
First generation
Monohybrid cross
breeding experiment looking at only 1 trait
Polyploidy in plants ...
... is helpful
Harmful effects of polyploidy
sickle cell, cystic fibrosis
Pedigree chart
shows relationships within a family
Colorblindness
sex-linked disorder, inability to distinguish certain colors
Hemophilia
sex-linked disorder, missing protein required for blood clotting
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
sex-linked, defective gene that codes for muscle protein, loss of skeletal muscle
Non-Mendelian Genetics
relationship between genotype & phenotype is rarely as simple as Mendel's
Types of Complicated Inheritance
Incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic traits, sex-linked inheritance
Sex-linked Inheritance
recessive disorders/traits carried on the X chromosomes, common in males
Sex chromosome
2 chromosomes that determine gender
XX
Female
XY
Male
Autosomes
the other 44 chromosomes
Downs syndrome
(Autosomal disorder)Trisomy 21, having 3 copies of chromosome 21
Edwards syndrome
(Autosomal disorder)Trisomy 18, having 3 copies if chromosome 18
Cri du Chat
(Autosomal disorder)missing piece of chromosome 5
Turner's Syndrome
(sex chromosome disorder)female inherits only 1 X chromosome
Klinefelter's Syndrome
(sex chromosome disorder)male inherits more than 1 X chromosome
XYY Trait
(sex chromosome disorder)male has more than 1 Y chromosome
Trisomy X
(sex chromosome disorder)female inherits an extra X chromosome
Nondisjunction
when homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis, causes autosomal and sex chromosome disorders