Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Heredity
|
how characteristics are passed on from parents to offspring
|
|
Trait
|
a specific characteristic produced by a gene
|
|
Gene
|
sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
|
|
Chromosome
|
threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carries genetic information through the form of DNA
|
|
Allele
|
the different forms of a gene
|
|
Dominant
|
the trait that will be expressed if it is present (capital letters)
|
|
Recessive
|
the trait that will be hidden (lower-case letters)
|
|
Locus
|
the position of the genes on a chromosome
|
|
Hybrid
|
the offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
|
|
Haploid
|
having a single set of chromosomes
|
|
Diploid
|
having 2 sets of chromosomes. 1 from each parent
|
|
Phenotype
|
the physical appearance of the allels
|
|
Homozygous
|
2 identical alleles for a given trait (BB,bb)
|
|
Heterozygous
|
2 different alleles for a given trait (Bb)
|
|
Karyotype
|
an organized profile of a person's chromosomes. Their picture is taken during cell division. It is cut, arranged and numbered by size.
|
|
Codominance
|
in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism
|
|
Gamete
|
a reproductive cell, haploid
|
|
Mendel's Law of Segregation
|
During meiosis, the alleles responsible for a trait separate from each other
|
|
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment
|
Alleles for different traits are distributed to gametes independently of each other
|
|
Mendel's Law of Dominance
|
In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only 1 form of the trait will appear (In Bb, only B will show)
|
|
Gregor Mendel
|
monk who used pea plants to study genetics, Father of Genetics
|
|
Incomplete Dominance
|
when both alleles are partially shown by blending
|
|
Multiple alleles
|
many genes having more than 2 alleles, ex: ABO Blood group
|
|
Polygenic Inheritance (Traits)
|
when traits are controlled by 2 or more genes
|
|
Test Cross
|
method used to identify the genotype of an organism by crossing it with a (homozygous) recessive organism
|
|
9:3:3:1
|
the ratio resulted from a dihybrid cross between 2 parents that are heterozygous for both traits
|
|
Genetic Diversity
|
the sum total of all the different forms of genes found in a species
|
|
Parent or P1 generation
|
First generation
|
|
Monohybrid cross
|
breeding experiment looking at only 1 trait
|
|
Polyploidy in plants ...
|
... is helpful
|
|
Harmful effects of polyploidy
|
sickle cell, cystic fibrosis
|
|
Pedigree chart
|
shows relationships within a family
|
|
Colorblindness
|
sex-linked disorder, inability to distinguish certain colors
|
|
Hemophilia
|
sex-linked disorder, missing protein required for blood clotting
|
|
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
|
sex-linked, defective gene that codes for muscle protein, loss of skeletal muscle
|
|
Non-Mendelian Genetics
|
relationship between genotype & phenotype is rarely as simple as Mendel's
|
|
Types of Complicated Inheritance
|
Incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic traits, sex-linked inheritance
|
|
Sex-linked Inheritance
|
recessive disorders/traits carried on the X chromosomes, common in males
|
|
Sex chromosome
|
2 chromosomes that determine gender
|
|
XX
|
Female
|
|
XY
|
Male
|
|
Autosomes
|
the other 44 chromosomes
|
|
Downs syndrome
|
(Autosomal disorder)Trisomy 21, having 3 copies of chromosome 21
|
|
Edwards syndrome
|
(Autosomal disorder)Trisomy 18, having 3 copies if chromosome 18
|
|
Cri du Chat
|
(Autosomal disorder)missing piece of chromosome 5
|
|
Turner's Syndrome
|
(sex chromosome disorder)female inherits only 1 X chromosome
|
|
Klinefelter's Syndrome
|
(sex chromosome disorder)male inherits more than 1 X chromosome
|
|
XYY Trait
|
(sex chromosome disorder)male has more than 1 Y chromosome
|
|
Trisomy X
|
(sex chromosome disorder)female inherits an extra X chromosome
|
|
Nondisjunction
|
when homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis, causes autosomal and sex chromosome disorders
|