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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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accommodation
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Dealing with a new exp. by modifiying an old scheme or forming a new scheme.
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Adaptation
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adjustment to the environment
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Anchored Instruction
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concrete application of concept
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Appropriate Education
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Free and appropriate public education
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Areas of Exceptionality in Learning
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Visual and perceptual difficulties Special physical or sensory challenges Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD); Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Functional mental retardation Learning disabilities
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assimilation
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students add new information to their view of the world fitting new information into existing schemes
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Autism Spectrum Disorders
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Autism, Asperger Syndrome and other PDDs (Pervasive developmental delays. Difficulty socializing and communicating
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Behaviorism
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a theory of animal and human learning that focuses on observable behaviors and ignores psychological activities.
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blooms taxonomy
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The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, often called Bloom's Taxonomy, is a classification of the different objectives that educators set for students (learning objectives). Bloom's Taxonomy divides educational objectives into three "domains:" Affective, Psychomotor, and Cognitive.
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Brown vs. Board of Education
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educational facilities are not allowed to segregate according to race
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Causal Relationship
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explains why behaviors occurs
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cause-and-effect maps
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graph cause and effect
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Cognition
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The capacity for knowing, organizing perceptions, and problem solving.
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Cognitive Development Stages
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Identifies four developmental stages and the processes by which children progress through them.
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Cognitive Patterns
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teachers must understand student's individualized learning methods
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concept
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involves the process of grouping and/or classifying information in order to determine what kinds of things or objects match or go together.
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Concrete Operational Thinkers
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children 7-11 think in logical, not abstract, terms. Hands-on experiences needed
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Considerations in teaching:
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Multicultural backgrounds Age-appropriate knowledge and behavior, The student culture at the school Family backgrounds Linguistic patterns and differences Cognitive patterns and differences, Social and emotional issues"
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Constructivism Cognition
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a constructive developmental process involving qualitative change in children's ability to move forward as they internalize learning tasks and skills.
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Continuous Reinforcement
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reinforcing a response every time it occurs
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Correlational Relationship
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the extent to which two variables are related to each other, such that when one variable increases, the other either increases or decreases in a somewhat predictable manner
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Debra P vs. Turlington
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can use competency tests to award high school diplomas
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Demonstrations
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explicitly showing students what something is or how to do it.
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Developmental crisis
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explicitly showing students what something is or how to do it.
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Diana vs. State Board of Education
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assessments must be administered in native language
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Direct Instruction
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planned lessons, small attainable increments, defined goals.
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Due Process
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procedures or safeguards that give students with disabilities extensive rights. Notice of meetings, examining relevant records, impartial hearings and review procedure
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Efficacy
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The capacity for producing a desired result, including planning intentional actions, guiding and directing one's own behaviors toward a goal, and reflecting on one's actions to assess their quality, impact, and purpose.
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Enactive learning
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learning by doing and experiencing the consequences of your actions (self-regulation of behavior goal directed behavior
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Environmental Factors
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focus on immediate environment during learning
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Equilibration
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a process that regulates tension between assimilation (information) and accommodation (learning). individuals learn through experiences different from previous experiences. mental structure is modified in small steps.
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Extinction
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eventual disappearance of a conditioned response as a result stimulus being repeatedly
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Formal Operational Thought
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the final stage of cognitive development, 11-15 characterized by reasoning, hypothesis generation, and hypothesis testing.
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Functional Mental Retardation (MR)
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diagnosis by medical professional , difficulties with age-specific activities, communication, daily living activities, getting along with others
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Guadalupe Organization, Inc vs. Temple Elementary School
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students cannont be identified as MR unless they were properly assessed by considering the student's primary language and have an IQ two standard deviations below from the mean
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Hobson vs. hanson
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schools must provide equal educational opportunities despite a families SES
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Honig vs. Doe
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a special education student must have a manisfestation hearling to review placement after 10 days of suspension
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Hunter, Madeline
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"Direct Instruction" - Objectives, Standards, Advance Organizer, Teaching, Practice, Closure, Extended Practice "anticipatory set" connects prior knowledge to new content
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Inclusion
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Mainstreaming
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Inoperant conditioning
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the eventual disappearance of a response that is no longer being reinforced"
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Intermittent Reinforcement
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reinforcing a response only occasionally, with some occurrences of the response going unreinforced
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Interpersonal
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self
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Intrapersonal
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others
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Intuative thinking
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The intellectual technique of arriving at plausable byt tentative formulations without going through analytical steps. Bruner argues its a much neglected but essential feature of productive thinking.
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Jones
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developer of positive classroom management; nonverbal communication; incentives 50% of instruction time lost to 80% talking and 20% goofing off. Use teacher body language, incentive systems and efficient individual help
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Larry P vs. Riles
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the % of special education students can not exceed the % represented in the school population"
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LD
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Learning Disabilities - determined by multidisciplinary team or a physician. Not learning to potential - usually in reading , math or written.
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Learner Factors
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informs lesson planning, meet needs through differentiation
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Learning Styles
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characteristic approaches to learning and studying
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Linguistic Patterns
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Non-English speakers or non-Standard American English (SAE) students benefit from periods of silence and listening more.
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Marshall vs. Georgia
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contrast to Larry P students can be placed in special education as long as approriate and proper steps for placement are followed
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mental set
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established via a force of habit and based primarily on the way individuals are accustomed to solving problems.
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Mills vs. Board of Education of District of Columbia
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reiterates PARCS free and appropriate education regardless of mental physicla or emotional disability or impairment
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model of moral reasoning
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Growing children advance through definate stages of moral development. They progress consecutively from stage one without skipping or going back. The stages are of thought processing.
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Multicultural
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help students define and understand their own cultures. eliminate mutual misconceptions, form lesson planning
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Naturalistic with Existential
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the ability to contemplate phenomena or questions beyond sensory data
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Negative Reinforcement
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a consequence that brings about the increase of a behavior through the removal (rather than presentation) of a stimulus.
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Nondiscriminartory
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think about culutral considerations
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Operations
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– actions a person carries out by thinking them through instead of literally performing the actions
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PARC vs. Commonwealth of PA
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courts stated denying chidren with handicaps is a denial of equal protection
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Parents in Action in Spcial Education vs. Hannon
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pro special education endorsed the use of standardized tests as long as they are not culturally biased and are used with other measures
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Pesce vs. Sterling Morton HIgh School
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duty to report child abuse
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Physical Issues
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communicate to appropriate parties to help optimal learning.
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Positive Reinforcement
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a consequence that brings about the increase of a behavior through the presentation (rather than removal) of a stimulus.
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Preoperational Thought
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In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the stage in which representational skills are acquired.
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Punishment
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a consequence that decreases the frequency of the response it follows
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Reflective thought
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active, persistent, and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and the further conclusions to which it tends
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Reinforcement
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the act of following a particular response with a reinforcer and thereby increasing the frequency of that response
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Rowley vs. Board of Education
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do not have to provide the best education but adequet
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Schemes
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mental systems of categories and experiences
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Self-efficacy
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the belief that one is capable of executing certain behaviors or reaching certain goals
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Sensorimotor Intelligence
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In Piaget's theory of development, the first stage of cognitive growth, during which schemes are built on sensory and motor experiences.
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Shaping
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a process of reinforcing successively closer and closer approximations of a desired terminal behavior
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Social and Emotional Issues
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Maslow - fundamental needs must be met. Socioeconomic Status (SES) must be accounted for, but high expectations regardless of SES
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Social Cognition
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Concepts related to understanding interpersonal behavior and the point of view of others.
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Social Learning Theory
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Learn by watching others.
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Stages of moral reasoning
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1. Preconventional Moral Reasoning judgment is based own person needs and others rules 2. Conventional Moral Reasoning judgment is based on others, 3. Postconventional Moral Reasoning social contract and universal ethics approval
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Student learning is influenced by:
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Individual experiences, Prior learning Individual talents, Language, Culture, Family, Community values
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Tactile Learner
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process information through touching - need hands-on experiences
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Tarasoff vs. The Regents of the University of CA
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duty to warn parents or individual if counselor feels as though they are in danger
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Testing Accommodations
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longer times, untimed tests, having a scribe, large fonts, breaks, sing-language interpretation.
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Three approaches to organize new info
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Assimilation, Accommadation, & Equilibration
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Transfer
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Influence of previously learned material on new material"
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Vicarious
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learning is learning by observing others
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Vygotsky saw speech as...
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a connection to thinking.
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What are Howard Gardner's eight types of intelligence in his theory of multiple intelligences?
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They are Spatial, Linguistic, Logical-mathematical, Bodily-kinesthetic, Musical
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What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
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Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.
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What are schemes? (Piaget)
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An individual's generalized way of responding to the world; method of organization.
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What are some benefits of standardized test?
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change between groups and years, Give a general sense of students strengths and weaknesses
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What are some issues about current assessment?
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Schools tied to the test results NCLB, Nondominant populations
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What are some weaknesses of standardized tests?
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One dimensional learning and teaching experience
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What are the characteristics of the Concrete Operational stage?
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1. ages 7-11 2. perf. mental oper. w/concrete obj. not verbal statements 3. conservation 4. verbal understanding
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What are the levels of moral reasoning?
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Preconventional Morality (ages 4-10) Conventional Morality (ages 10-13) Postconventional Morality"
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What is a limit of ZPD?
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the level of skill reached by the child working independently.
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What Is Scaffolding in Teaching?
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parameters, rules or suggestions a teacher gives a student in a learning situation; help with only the skills that are new or beyond ability
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What is the upper limit of ZPD?
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The level of additional responsibility the child can accept with the assistance of an able instructor.
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When behaviors are followed by desirable consequences
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they tend to increase in frequency
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When behaviors do not produce results
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they typically decrease and may even disappear altogether"
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Zero Reject Principle
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assures services to all children with disabilities areas should obtain accurate child accounts and these should be sent to Washington
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Zone of Proximal Development
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students learn best in social context where taught information student could not learn on own. APK2. less complex taks first 3. work with an expert to plan a task 4. social interactions
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