Praxis Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, And Physiology Of The Speech Mechanism

Front 1

What is the basic energy source for speech?

Back 1

Respiration

Front 2

Do people speak on inhalation or exhalation?

Back 2

Exhalation

Front 3

When the respiratory system is at rest, the lungs are partially inflated to approx. ____% of their total lung capacity

Back 3

40%

Front 4

Which lung is shorter, broader, and bigger?

Back 4

Right

This is because the liver underneath it forces it into a slightly upward direction

Front 5

The _______ are tubes that extend from the lungs upward to the trachea. They are composed of cartilaginous rings bound together by fibroelastic tissue.

Back 5

Bronchi

Front 6

As a person inhales, the air goes in through the _____, to the _______ to the lungs, which expand.

Back 6

Trachea

Front 7

This is a tube formed by approximately 20 rings of cartilage. These rings are incomplete in the back where it comes into direct contact with the esophagus

Back 7

Trachea

Front 8

There are ____ cervical vertebrae

Back 8

7

Front 9

There are ___ _thoracic vertebrae

Back 9

12

Front 10

There are ___ lumbar vertebrae

Back 10

5

Front 11

There are ___ sacral vertebrae

Back 11

5

Front 12

There are ____ coccygeal vertebrae

Back 12

3-4

Front 13

The _______ is located on the superior, anterior thoracic wall.

Back 13

Sternum

Front 14

The sternum consists of three parts. Name them

Back 14

1) Manubrium: uppermost segment of the sternum
2) Corpus/Body: long and narrow
3) Xiphoid process: bottom of the body of the sternum

Front 15

How many ribs?

Back 15

12

Front 16

____ is the floor of the chest cavity. Thick, dome-shaped muscle that separates the abdomen from the thorax.

Back 16

Diaphragm

Front 17

______ houses structures such as the intestines, liver, and kidneys.

Back 17

Abdomen

Front 18

_________ muscles are between the ribs.

Back 18

Intercostal muscles

Front 19

There are 11 paired ________ intercostals.

They PULL the ribs DOWNWARD to DECREASE the diameter of the thoracic cavity for EXHALATION

Back 19

Internal

Front 20

There are 11 paired ________ intercostals.

They RAISE the ribs UPWARD to INCREASE the diameter of the thoracic cavity for INHALATION

Back 20

External

Front 21

____ lies at the top of the trachea, anterior portion of the neck, and houses the vocal folds.

Back 21

Larynx

Front 22

What are the biological functions of the trachea?

Back 22

1) Closure of the trachea so that substances do not enter lungs
2) Production of cough reflect to expel foreign substances that accidently enter trachea
3) Closure of the vocal folds to build subglottic pressure necessary for physical tasks such as excretion and lifting heavy items

Front 23

The larynx is suspended from the U-shaped ______ bone

Back 23

Hyoid

Front 24

The ______ is a protective structure, it is a leaf-shaped piece of cartilage medial to the thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone.

During swallowing, this drops to cover the orifice of the larynx

Back 24

Epiglottis

Front 25

What are the key cartilages of the larynx?

Back 25

1) Thyroid
2) Cricoid
3) Arytenoid

Front 26

This cartilage forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx and protects it.

Back 26

Thyorid

Front 27

This cartilage can be viewed as the uppermost tracheal ring and is linked with the thyroid cartilage and the paired arytenoid cartilags.

This completely surrounds the trachea

Back 27

Cricoid Cartilage

Front 28

This cartilage is small and pyramid shaped. It connects to the cricoid cartilage

Back 28

Arytenoid Cartilage

Front 29

The small, cone-shaped ________ cartilages sit on the apex of the arytenoids. they assist in reducing he laryngeal opening when a person is swallowing.

Back 29

Corniculate

Front 30

The tiny cone-shaped _________ cartilages are located under the mucous membrane that covers the aryepiglottic folds. They serve to stiffen or tense the aryepiglottic folds.

Back 30

Cuneiform

Front 31

Which muscles are primarily responsible for controlling sound production.

Back 31

Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

Front 32

Name the intrinsic laryngeal muscles: (6)

Back 32

1) Thyroarytenoid
2) Lateral Cricoarytenoid
3) Transverse arytenoid
4) Oblique arytenoid
5) Cricothyroid
6) Posterior cricoarytenoid

Front 33

This muscle is the primary portion of the thyroarytenoid muscle that vibrates and produces sound. It is generally referred to as the vocalis mucle, or more commonly, the vocal folds.

Back 33

Internal Thyroarytenoid

Front 34

This muscle is attached to the cricoid and thyroid cartilages.

It lengthens and tenses the vocal folds

Back 34

Cricothyroid

Front 35

Most intrinsic laryngeal muscles are innervated by the ________ laryngeal nerve branch of CN ___

Back 35

Recurrent, X (VAGUS NERVE)

Front 36

The cricothyroid is innervated by the external branch of the ______ laryngeal nerve of the vagus

Back 36

SUPERIOR

Front 37

When the VFs are abducted a small opening is created, which is called the ________

Back 37

Glottis

Front 38

Which muscles primary function is to support the larynx and fix its position.

Back 38

Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

Front 39

The _________ laryngeal muscles have on attachment to a structure within the larynx and one attachment to a structure outside the larynx.

Back 39

Extrinsic

Front 40

ALL extrinsic muscles are attached to which bone?

Back 40

HYOID--- they lower or raise the position of the larynx within the neck

Front 41

The _________, or _________ muscles lie above the hyoid bone. Their primary function is elevation of the larynx

Back 41

Elevators, Suprahyoid

Front 42

The _______, or ________ muscles lie below the hyoid bone. Their primary function is depression of the larynx

Back 42

Depressors, Infrahyoid

Front 43

Name Suprahyoid muscles (6)

Back 43

1) Digastric
2) Geniohyoid
3) Mylohyoid
4) Stylohyoid
5) Hyoglossus
6) Genioglossus

Front 44

Name Infrahyoid muscles (4)

Back 44

1) Thyrohyoid
2) Omohyoid
3) Sternothyroid
4) Sternohyoid

Front 45

Innervations of elevators and depressors of the larynx are generally provided by which CNs?

Back 45

1) CN V: Trigeminal
2) CN VII: Facial
3) CN X: Vagus
4) CN XII: Hypoglossal

Front 46

What are the three layers of the VFs?

Back 46

1) Epithelium
2) Lamina propria (Superficial, Intermediate, Deep)
3) Vocalis Muscle

Front 47

What are the two other pairs of folds?

Back 47

1) Aryepiglottic folds
2) Ventricular/False Vocal Folds

Front 48

These folds vibrate at very low F0 and usually not during phonation in a normal speaker. These compress during such activities as coughing and lifting heavy items.

Back 48

Ventricular / False VFs

Front 49

These folds are composed of a ring of connective tissue and muscle extending from the tips of the arytenoids to the larynx. They separate the laryngeal vestibule from pharynx and help preserve the airway.

Back 49

Aryepiglottic folds

Front 50

Which theory states that the VFs vibrate because of the forces and pressure of air and the elasticity of the VFs?

Back 50

Myoelastic-Aerodynamic theory

Front 51

This is caused by the increased speed of air passing between the VFs and is the "sucking" motion of the VFs toward one another.

Back 51

Bernoulli effect

Front 52

What is AKA Reinke's space?

Back 52

Epithelium and superficial lamina propria of the VFs

Front 53

What are the primary cortical areas involved in speech-motor control, including phonation

Back 53

1) Primary motor cortex
2) Broca's area
3) Somatosensory cortex
4) Supplementary motor cotex

Front 54

Broadmann's area for Primary Motor Cortex

Back 54

Area 4

Front 55

Broadmann's area for Broca's area

Back 55

Area 44

Front 56

Broadmann's area for Somatosensory cortex

Back 56

Areas 3 , 1, 2

Front 57

Broadmann's area for Supplementary motor cortex

Back 57

Area 6

Front 58

The function of the ________ is to regulate motor movement. It is key to the coordination of muscles needed for speech.

Back 58

Cerebellum

Front 59

______ is the process by which the voice, or laryngeal tone, is modified when some frequency components are dampened and others are enhanced.

Back 59

Resonation

Front 60

What are the resonators that serve to modify laryngeal tone?

Back 60

1) Pharynx
2) Nasal cavity
3) Oral cavity

Front 61

______, or throat, is part of the upper airway. The size and shape of this is modified by the position of the tongue in the mouth and the vertical positioning of the larynx in the neck.

Back 61

Pharynx

Front 62

Which cavity is the primary resonating structure for all English sounds?

Back 62

Oral cavity

Front 63

According to this theory, the vocal tract is visualized as a series of linked tubes. These linked tubes provide the variable resonating cavity that helps produce speech.

It states that energy from the vibrating VFs (source) is modified by the resonance characteristics of the vocal tract (filter)

Back 63

Source-filter theory

Front 64

The pharyngeal cavity is divided into three segments:

Back 64

1) Laryngopharynx: begins immediately superior to larynx and ends a base of tongue

2) Oropharynx: extends up soft palate and connected to:

3) Nasopharynx: ends where two nasal cavities begin

Front 65

Most pharyngeal muscles are innervated by which two CNs via the pharyngeal plexus

Back 65

CN X-- VAGUS
CN XI- SPINAL ACCESSORY

Front 66

The soft palate is AKA

Back 66

Velum

Front 67

This is a flexible muscular structure at the juncture of the oropharynx and the nasopharynx. It is located in the posterior area of the oral cavity and hangs from the hard palate.

Back 67

Soft palate/ Velum

Front 68

The _____, is the small, cone-shaped structure at the tip of the velum

Back 68

Uvula

Front 69

When the soft palate is raise and retracted, the muscles of the pharynx also moves inward to meet the muscles of the soft palate. With this spincter-like action, the nasal port is closed. This action is called:

Back 69

Velopharyngeal closure

Front 70

What is the portion of the maxillary bone that forms most of the hard palate?

Back 70

Palatine process

Front 71

AKA the lower jaw, the _________ is an important facial bone. It houses the lower teeth and forms the floor of the mouth.

Back 71

Mandible

Front 72

What are the 4 divisions of the tongue?

Back 72

1) TIP: thinnest/ most flexible--important for artic
2) BLADE: lies inferior to alveolar ridge
3) DORSUM: large area that lies in contact with hard & soft palate
4) ROOT: very back and bottom portion

Front 73

This connects the mandible with the inferior portion of the tongue. This band of tissue may stabilize the tongue during movement

Back 73

Lingual FRENULUM or FRENUM

Front 74

The tongue muscles are innervated by which nerve?

Back 74

CN XII: HYPOGLOSSAL

Front 75

The primary muscle of the lips is the:

Back 75

Orbicularis Oris

Front 76

The cheeks are primarily composed of this muscle which is large and flat whose inner surface is covered with mucous membrane

Back 76

Buccinator Muscle

Front 77

Which cells are related to myelin production?

Back 77

1) Glial / Neuroglia cells
2) Schwann/ Oliodendroglia

Front 78

What do microglia cells do?

Back 78

Scavengers that remove dead cells and other waste

Front 79

What is the most important type of nerve cell?

Back 79

Neurons

Front 80

____________ are short fibers that extend from the cell body. They receive neural impulses generated from the axons of other cells, and they transmit those impulses to the cell body

Back 80

Dendrites

Front 81

Neurons communicate with each other through junctions called:

Back 81

Sunapses

Front 82

This is a chemical process of information exchange at the level of the synapse.

Back 82

Neural transmission

Front 83

__________ neurons, AKA afferent neurons, carry impulses from the peripheral sense organs toward the brain.

Back 83

Sensory neurons

Front 84

________ neurons, AKA efferent neurons, transmit impulses aware from the CNS. They cause glandular secretions or muscle contractions (movement)

Back 84

Motor neurons

Front 85

These are the most common type of the neuron in the nervous system and they link neurons with other neurons.

Back 85

Interneurons

Front 86

What are the three components that make up a neuron?

Back 86

1) Cell body
2) Dendrite
3) Axon

Front 87

The ______ nervous system is a collection of nerves that are outside the skull and spinal column. These nerves carry sensory impulses originating in the peripheral sense organs to the brain, and motor impulses originating in the brain to the glands and muscle of the body

Back 87

Peripheral Nervous System

Front 88

Cranial nerves are part of the LMN / UMN

Back 88

LMN

Front 89

The CNs exit through ________, or holes in the base of the skull

Back 89

Foramina

Front 90

Mnemonic for CNs

Back 90

Oh
Oh
Oh
To
Touch
And
Feel
Very
Good
Vagina
Ah
Heaven

Front 91

Mnemonic for Type of CN

Back 91

Some
Say
Michelle
Michael
But
My
Brother
Says
Big
Boobs
Matter
More

Front 92

CN V sensory fibers are composed of three branches:

Back 92

1) OPTHLAMIC: nose, eyes, forehead
2) MAXILLARY: upper lip, maxilla, upper check, upper teeth, maxillary sinus, palate
3) MANDIBULAR: mandible, lower teeth, lower lip, tongue, part of cheek, part of external ear

Front 93

CN V motor fibers innervate:

Back 93

Various jaw muscles

Front 94

Damage to CN V may result in:

Back 94

-Inability to close mouth
-Difficulty chewing
-Trigeminal neuralgia (sharp pain in facial area)

Front 95

CN VII sensory fibers:

Back 95

Taste sensation in anterior 2/3 of tongue

Front 96

CN VII motor fibers innervate:

Back 96

-Muscle important for facial expression/speech

Front 97

Damage to CN VII may result in:

Back 97

Masklike appearance with minimal or no facial expression

Front 98

CN VII is responsible for:

Back 98

-Maintenance of equilibrium or balance
-Transmits sensory information from the cochlea of the inner ear to the primary auditory cortex of the brain

Front 99

Damage to CN VII may result in:

Back 99

Hearing loss, problems with balance or both

Front 100

CN IX sensory fibers:

Back 100

Taste sensations from posterior 1/3 of tongue

Front 101

CN IX motor fibers are responsible for:

Back 101

Muscles that raise and dialate the pharynx

Front 102

Damage to CN IX may result in:

Back 102

Difficulty in swallowing, unilateral loss of the gag reflex, and loss of taste and sensation from posterior third of tongue

Front 103

CN X motor fibers:

Back 103

Supply digestive system, heart, and lungs

Front 104

CN X sensory fibers:

Back 104

Convey information from the digestive system, hear, trachea, pharynx, and larynx

Front 105

Damage to CN X may result in:

Back 105

Difficulty swallowing, paralysis of the velum, and voice problems if the RLN is damaged

Front 106

Name the important branches of CN X

Back 106

1) Recurrent laryngeal nerve (superior laryngeal nerve)
2) Pharyngeal branch--supplies pharyngeal constrictors and all muscles of the velum

Front 107

CN XI is responsible for:

Back 107

-Supplies muscles that assist in head and shoulder movements
-Innervate muscles of the soft palate

Front 108

Damage to CN XI may result in:

Back 108

Neck weakness
Inability to turn the head
Inability to shrug the shoulder or raise arm above shoulder length

Front 109

CN XII is responsible for:

Back 109

Supplies three extrinsic tongue muscles and all intrinsic muscles of tongue

Front 110

Damage to CN XII may result in:

Back 110

Tongue paralysis
Diminished intelligibility
Swallowing problems

Front 111

There are ____ pairs of spinal nerves. These nerves are attached to the spinal cord through two roots: one is efferent and ventral, and the other is afferent and dorsal.

Back 111

31

Front 112

This is where the spinal cord ends at the L1 vertebra level

Back 112

Conus medullaris

Front 113

The nerves below the conus medullaris are described as

Back 113

Cauda equina

Front 114

This area is where there are no spinal cord segments

Back 114

Filum terminale

Front 115

The ________ nervous system is generally viewed as part of the peripheral nervous system. It controls and regulates the internal environment for our bodies. There are two branches of this nervous system.

Back 115

Autonomic nervous system

Front 116

The _________ branch of the ANS mobilizes the body for 'fight-or-flight' situations.

-Accelerates HR, dilates pupils, raises BP, increases blood flow to peripheral body structures.

Back 116

Sympathetic

Front 117

The ________ branch of the ANS helps bring the body back to a state of relaxation

-Lowers BP, Increases activity in stomach, generally relaxes he body

Back 117

Parasympathetic

Front 118

T/F--- ANS has a direct effect upon speech, language, or hearing.

Back 118

FALSE

ANS does not have direct effect on SLH
---relaxed and aroused states may have some effect on various parameters of communication however

Front 119

The _______ nervous system is composed of the spinal cord and the brain. It acts as a motor command center for planning, originating, and carrying out the transmission of messages

Back 119

Central

Front 120

The _____ is said to be the oldest part of the brain. It connects the spinal cord with the brain via the diencephalon. It also serves as a bridge between the cerebellum and all other CNS structures, including the spinal cord, the thalamus, the basal ganglia, and cerebellum

Back 120

Brainstem

Front 121

What are the key structures of the brainstem?

Back 121

1) Midbrain
2) Pons
3) Medulla

Front 122

What is the midbrain AKA?

Back 122

Mesencephalon

Front 123

What connect the brainstem and the cerebellum?

Back 123

The midbrain's Superior Peduncles

Front 124

What runs the vertical length of the midbrain at the level of the peduncles?

Back 124

Substantia nigra

Front 125

What are the pons AKA?

Back 125

Metencephalon

Front 126

The _____ bridges the two halves of the cerebellum

Back 126

Pons

Front 127

These two structures serve as a connection point between the cerebellum and various cerebral structures through the inferior and middle peduncles.

Back 127

Pons and midbrain

Front 128

The ____ contains many descending motor fibers and is involved with hearing and balance. It also houses the nuclei for the trigeminal and facial nerves

Back 128

Pons

Front 129

Medulla is AKA

Back 129

Myelencephalon

Front 130

Where does the medulla enter the skull?

Back 130

Foramen magnum

Front 131

This is very important for speech production because it contains descending fibers that transmit motor information to several cranial nerve nuclei

Back 131

Medulla

Front 132

Which CNs are housed within the medulla?

Back 132

VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

Front 133

The medulla contains nerve fibers that carry commands from the motor center of the brain to various muscles. These fibers are called:

Back 133

Pyramidal tracts

Front 134

This is a structure within the midbrain, brainstem, and upper portion of the spinal cord. It integrates motor impulses flowing out of the brain with sensory impulses flowing into it.

-Primary mech of atten and consciousness. Important in controlling sleep-wake cycles

Back 134

Reticular Activating System

Front 135

The ________ contains the third ventricle and also contains the thalamus and the hypothalamus.

Back 135

Diencephalon

Front 136

The ___________ is the largest structure in the diencephalon. It regulated the sensory info that flows into the brain and relays impulses to various portions of the cerebral cortex. Also receives info about motor impulses from cerebellum and BG and relays this info to motor areas of cerebral cortex

Back 136

Thalamus

Front 137

The ___________, lies inferior to the thalamus. Helps integrate actions of the AHS. Controls emotions.

Back 137

Hypothalamus

Front 138

The _______ _____ are structures deep within the brain that are located near the thalamus and lateral ventricles. Complex system of neural pathways that have subcortical and cortical connections. Primarily composed of gray matter.

Receive input primarily from the frontal lobe and relay info back to the higher centers of the brain via the thalamus

Back 138

Basal Ganglia

Front 139

Name the structures that make up the BG:

Back 139

1) Globus pallidus
2) Putament
3) Caudate Nucleus
4) Substantia nigra

Front 140

Which system are the BG part of?

Back 140

Extrapyramidal system

-Indirect activation system

Front 141

Damage to the BG may result in :

Back 141

Unusual body postures
Dysarthria
Changes in body tone
Involuntary / Uncontrolled movements

Front 142

This is AKA the 'little brain' and consists of two hemispheres.

Back 142

Cerebellum

Front 143

There are three primary fiber bundles that serve as connections between the brainstem and cerebellum. All efferent and afferent fibers going to and from the cerebellum pass through these peduncles. What are they?

Back 143

1) Superior
2) Middle
3) Inferior Cerebellar peduncles

Front 144

The ____ regulates equilibrium, body posture, and coordinated fine-motor movements.

Back 144

Cerebellum

Front 145

Damage to the cerebellum may result in:

Back 145

Ataxia: abnormal gait, disturbed balance, and speech disorder called ataxic dysarthria.

Front 146

The ______ is the biggest and most important CNS structure for language, speech, and hearing. Its a complex structure of intricate neural connections. It is composed of gray matter.

Back 146

Cerebrum

Front 147

A _______ is a ridge on the cortex.

Back 147

Gyrus

Front 148

A shallow valley is a ______

Back 148

Sulcus

Front 149

The ________________ fissure courses along the middle of the brain from front to back and drives the cerebrum into the left and right hemispheres.

Back 149

Longitudinal fissure

Front 150

Deeper valleys are called ____________

Back 150

Fissures

They are boundaries between the broad divisions of the cerebrum

Front 151

This fissure is a major fissure that runs laterally, downward, and forward, and arbitrarily divides the anterior from the posterior half of the brain.

Back 151

Fissure or Rolando or Central Sulcus

Front 152

This fissure starts at the inferior portion of the frontal lobe at the base of the brain and moves laterally upward.

The areas surrounding this fissure are especially critical in SLH.

Back 152

Sylvian Fissure or Lateral Cerebral Fissure

Front 153

Which critical areas for speech production are located in the frontal lobe?

Back 153

1) Primary motor cortex
2) Supplementary motor cortex
3) Broca's area

Front 154

Where is the primary motor cortex / motor strip located?

Back 154

Precentral gyrus-- a large ridge that lies anterior to the central sulcus

This area controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles on the OPPOSITE side of the body (Contralateral).

Front 155

All muscles of the body are connected to _______ through descending motor nerve fibers

Back 155

Primary motor cortex

Front 156

The motor strip controls muscle movements through a neural pathway called the ____________ system.

Back 156

Pyramidal

Front 157

This is believed to be involved in the motor planning of speech and plays a secondary role in regulating muscle movements.

Back 157

Supplementary motor cortex

Front 158

This lobe integrated contralateral somesthetic sensations such as pressure, pain, temperature, and touch.

Back 158

Parietal lobe

Front 159

What are the two specific areas of the parietal lobe that are important for speech and language?

Back 159

Areas surrounding & including:

1) Supramarginal gyrus
2) Angular gyrus

Front 160

This lies superior to the lateral fissure in the inferior portion of the parietal lobe. Damage to this area can cause conduction aphasia and agraphia.

Back 160

Supramarginal gyrus

Front 161

This lies posterior to the supramarginal gyrus. Damage to this area can cause writing, reading, and naming difficulties and, in some cases, transcortical sensory aphasia.

Back 161

Angular gyrus

Front 162

What are the three major gyri in the temporal lobe?

Back 162

1) Superior temporal gyrus
2) Middle temporal gyrus
3) Inferior temporal gyrus

Front 163

What are the two critical areas for hearing and speech in the temporal lobe?

Back 163

1) Superior Temporal gyrus
2) Auditory association area

Front 164

(For hearing): The dominant area the auditory association area analyzes _______ sounds and in the nondominant hemisphere the auditory association area analyzes _______ sounds.

Back 164

speech, nonspeech

Front 165

Wernicke's area is connected to Broca's area through what?

Back 165

Arcuate fasciculus

Front 166

This is the direct motor activation pathway that is primarily responsible for facilitating voluntary muscle movement.

Back 166

Pyramidal System

Front 167

The pyramidal system is composed of which two tracts?

Back 167

1) Corticobulbar
2) Corticospinal

Front 168

The nerve fiber tract of the pyramidal system comes from the _________ to the ___________ and ___________ to ultimately supply the muscles of the head, neck, and limbs.

Back 168

Cerebral cortex, Spinal Cord, Brainstem

Front 169

This tract has nerve fibers that descend from the motor cortex of each hemisphere through the internal capsule. They continue to course vertically through the midbrain and the pons. At the level of the medulla, approx. 80%-85% of the fibers decussate

Back 169

Corticospinal Tract

Front 170

Where do fibers of the corticospinal tract synapse?

Back 170

Anterior horn (motor gray matter) of the SPINAL CORD

Front 171

This tract runs along with the another tract and decussates at the level of the brainstem where they terminate.

Back 171

Corticobulbar tract

Front 172

These are the motor neurons in the spinal and cranial nerves. They include nerve fibers that exit the neuraxis (spinal cord or brain) and communicate with the peripheral nerves for innervation of muscles.

These neurons eventually results in muscular movement.

Back 172

LMNs

Front 173

These motor fibers within the central nervous systems. They are thought of as the descending motor fibers that course through the CNS. They include the pathways of both the pyramidal and the extrapyramidal systems.

Back 173

UMNs

Front 174

This system transmits impulses that control the postural support needed by fine-motor movements.

Back 174

Extrapyramidal system.

Front 175

This ________ system is the more indirect activation system that interacts with various motor systems. The _______ system has a direct connection with LMN and therefore is a direct activation system.

Back 175

Extrapyramidal, Pyramidal

Front 176

What are the three types of connecting fibers in the brain?

Back 176

1) Projection fibers
2) Association Fibers
3) Commissural fibers

Front 177

These fibers create connections between the cortex and subcortical structures like the cerebellum, BG, brainstem, and spinal cord.

Back 177

Projection Fibers

Front 178

As projection fibers move upward toward the upper regions of the brain, they fan out into a structure called the _______ ______. Through this structure, information is transmitted to other portions of the brain.

Back 178

Corona Radiata

Front 179

The ______ _____ contains the concentrated and compact projection fibers near the brainstem.

Back 179

Internal Capsule

Front 180

These fibers may be long or short; whatever their length, the connect areas within a hemisphere. They assist in maintaining communication between the structures in a hemisphere.

Back 180

Association Fibers

Front 181

This is the most important association fiber and it connects Broca's areas with Wernicke's area.

It is important for verbal memory, language acquisition, and meaningful language production.

Back 181

Arcuate Fasciculus

Front 182

These fibers are interhemispheric connectors; they run horizontally and connect the corresponding areas of the two hemispheres.

Back 182

Commissural Fibers

Front 183

What is the most important commissural fiber?

This fiber connects the two hemispheres at their base.

Back 183

Corpus Callosum

Front 184

This refers to a system of cavities deep within the brain. These interconnected cavities are filled with CSF.

Back 184

Cerebral VENTRICLES

Front 185

Where is CSF produced?

Back 185

Choroid Plexus

Front 186

What does CSF do for the brain?

Back 186

1) Nourished neural tissue
2) Removes waste products
3) Cushions the brain
4) Regulates intracranial pressure

Front 187

The larges of the 4 ventricles are the 2 ________ ventricles (one in each hemi).

-Located immediately inferior to corpus callosum
-C-shaped and course through the lobes of the cortex

Back 187

LATERAL ventricles

Front 188

This ventricle is behind the lateral ventricles at the top of the brainstem.

Back 188

Third ventricle

Front 189

The Third ventricle is connected to the Lateral ventricle by what?

Back 189

FORAMEN OF MUNRO

Front 190

This ventricle is located between the cerebellum and the pons. It is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord below and the cerebral aqueduct above.

Back 190

Fourth Ventricle

Front 191

What connects the third and fourth ventricle?

Back 191

CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT

Front 192

The meninges contain three layers of membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. What are they?

Back 192

1) DURA mater: "tough mother"
2) ARACHNOID: "spider web"--vascular membrane; CSF fills this space between this and the pia mater
3) PIA mater: transparent membrane that adheres to brain surface and closely follows its gyri and sulci--many blood vessels penetrate the pia mater to enter the brain

Front 193

The brain consumes __% of the body's oxygen and requires __% of the body's blood.

Back 193

25%, 20%

Front 194

If blood supply is interrupted, consciousness may be lost within __ seconds, electrical activity ceases after __ seconds and the brain is permanently damaged within __ to __ minutes

Back 194

10, 20, 4-6

Front 195

Just above the heart, the aortic arch divides into four branches: the two ______ arteries and the two ____ arteries

Back 195

Carotid, Subclavian

Front 196

The right and left _______ arteries branch out from the two subclavian arteries that emerge from the aortic arch. Subclavian arteries supply primarily the upper extremities.

Back 196

Vertebral

Front 197

As the vertebral arteries move up to the lower level of the pons, the two vertebral arteries join to form the _________ artery.

Back 197

Basilar

Front 198

As the basilar artery moves toward the upper portion of the pons, it divides again into two _________ ________ arteries. These supply the lateral/lower portions of the temporal lobes and the lateral/middle portion of the occipital lobes.

Back 198

Posterior Cerebral Arterties

Front 199

As the left and right carotid arteries enter the neck each branches into what?

Back 199

1) Internal Carotid artery
2) External Carotid artery

Front 200

This branch of the carotid artery moves toward the face and branches into smaller arteries. It supplies blood to the muscles of the mouth, nose, forehead, and face.

Back 200

Internal Carotid artery

Front 201

This branch of the carotid artery is the major supplier of blood to the brain. It branches into several smaller blood vessels that supply different parts of the brain.

Back 201

Internal Carotid artery

Front 202

This artery is the biggest branch of the internal carotid artery and it supplies the entire lateral surface of the cortex, including the major regions of the frontal lobe.

Supplies blood to major areas involved with motor and sensory functions and language, speech, and hearing fxs.

Back 202

Middle cerebral artery

Front 203

This artery supplies primarily the middle portion o the parietal and frontal lobes. Supplies blood to the corpus callosum and BG.

Back 203

Anterior cerebral artery

Front 204

Damage to anterior cerebral artery may result in:

Back 204

-Cognitive deficits: impaired judgment, concentration, and reasoning. Can also cause paralysis of the feed and legs.

Front 205

Damage to the MCA may result in:

Back 205

-Strokes
-Aphasia
-Reading and writing deficits
-Contralateral hemiplegia
-Impaired sense of pain, temperature, touch, and position

Front 206

This is formed at the base of the brain where the two carotid and the two vertebral arteries join.

This provides a common blood supply to various cerebral branches.

Back 206

Circle of WIllis