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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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functions of the respiratory system (5)
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1. Provides extensive gas exchange surface area between air and circulating blood
2. Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs 3. Protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment 4. Produces sound 5. Participates in olfactory sense |
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divisions of the respiratory system
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upper: above larynx
lower: below larynx |
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thyroid cartilage
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-also called Adam's Apple
-is hyalin cartilage -forms anterior and lateral walls of larynx -Ligaments attach to hyoid bone, epiglottis, and laryngeal cartilages |
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cricoid cartilage
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– Is hyaline cartilage
– Forms posterior portion of larynx – Ligaments attach to first tracheal cartilage – Articulates with arytenoid cartilages |
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epiglotis
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– Composed of elastic cartilage
– Ligaments attach to thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone |
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cartilage functions in larynx
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– Thyroid and cricoid cartilages support and protect
• The glottis • The entrance to trachea – During swallowing • The larynx is elevated • The epiglottis folds back over glottis – Prevents entry of food and liquids into respiratory tract |
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comparing shape of lungs
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– Right lung
• Is wider • Is displaced upward by liver – Left lung • Is longer • Is displaced leftward by the heart forming the cardiac notch |
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bronchopulmonary progression
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• Bronchopulmonary Segments
– The right lung has 10 – The left lung has 8 or 9 • Bronchial Structure – The walls of primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi • Contain progressively less cartilage and more smooth muscle • Increased smooth muscle tension affects airway constriction and resistance The Bronchioles – Each tertiary bronchus branches into multiple bronchioles – Bronchioles branch into terminal bronchioles • One tertiary bronchus forms about 6500 terminal bronchioles • Bronchiole Structure – Bronchioles • Have no cartilage • Are dominated by smooth muscle |
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air transport in lungs
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• Surfaces of the Lungs
– Each terminal bronchiole delivers air to a single pulmonary lobule – Each pulmonary lobule is supplied by pulmonary arteries and veins • Exchange surfaces within the lobule – Each terminal bronchiole branches to form several respiratory bronchioles, where gas exchange takes place • An Alveolus – Respiratory bronchioles are connected to alveoli along alveolar ducts – Alveolar ducts end at alveolar sacs • Common chambers connected to many individual alveoli – Has an extensive network of capillaries – Is surrounded by elastic fiber • Surfactant – Is an oily secretion – Contains phospholipids and proteins – Coats alveolar surfaces and reduces surface tension |
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blood supply to respiratory surfaces
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– Each lobule receives an arteriole and a venule
1. Respiratory exchange surfaces receive blood: • From arteries of pulmonary circuit 2. A capillary network surrounds each alveolus: • As part of the respiratory membrane 3. Blood from alveolar capillaries: • Passes through pulmonary venules and veins • Returns to left atrium |
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blood supply to lungs
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– Capillaries supplied by bronchial arteries
• Provide oxygen and nutrients to tissues of conducting passageways of lung – Venous blood bypasses the systemic circuit and flows into pulmonary veins |
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blood pressure
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– In pulmonary circuit is low (30 mm Hg)
– Pulmonary vessels are easily blocked by blood clots, fat, or air bubbles, causing pulmonary embolism |
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The Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes
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– Two pleural cavities
• Are separated by the mediastinum – Each pleural cavity • Holds a lung • Is lined with a serous membrane (the pleura) |
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Pleura
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– Consists of two layers
• Parietal pleura • Visceral pleura – Pleural fluid • Lubricates space between two layers |
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muscles of active exhalation
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– Internal intercostal and transversus thoracis
muscles • Depress the ribs – Abdominal muscles • Compress the abdomen • Force diaphragm upward |
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4 pulmonary volumes
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– Resting tidal volume
• In a normal respiratory cycle – Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) • After a normal exhalation – Residual volume • After maximal exhalation • Minimal volume (in a collapsed lung) – Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) • After a normal inspiration |
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4 calculated respiratory caacities
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– Inspiratory capacity
• Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume – Functional residual capacity (FRC) • Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume – Vital capacity • Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume – Total lung capacity • Vital capacity + residual volume |
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bronchitis
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– Inflammation of bronchial walls
• Causes constriction and breathing difficulty |
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respiratory distress
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– Difficult respiration
• Due to alveolar collapse • Caused when pneumocytes type II do not produce enough surfactant |
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asthma
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– Excessive stimulation and bronchoconstriction
– Stimulation severely restricts airflow |
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trabeculae
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– Fibrous connective tissue partitions from root of lung
– Contain supportive tissues and lymphatic vessels – Branch repeatedly – Divide lobes into increasingly smaller compartments |
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inflamation of lobules (pneumonia)
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• Causes fluid to leak into alveoli
• Compromises function of respiratory membrane |
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SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)
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– Disrupts normal respiratory reflex pattern
– May result from connection problems between pacemaker complex and respiratory centers |
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apnea
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– A period of suspended respiration
– Normally followed by explosive exhalation to clear airways • Sneezing and coughing |
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laryngeal spasm
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– Temporarily closes airway
• To prevent foreign substances from entering |
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CCK
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stimulus: arrival of chyme and partially digested proteins
origin: duodenum target: pancreas, gallbladder, duodenum, stomach, CNS effects: stimulates production of pancreatic enzymes, stimulates contraction of gallbladder, causes relaxation of hepatopancreatic sphincter, inhibits gastric secretion and motion, may reduce hunger |
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enterocrinin
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stimulus: arrival of chyme in duodenum
origin: duodenum target: duodenum effects: stimulates mucin production |
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GIP
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stimulus: arrival of chyme containing large quantities of fats and glucose
origin: duodenum target: pancreas, stomach, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle effects: stimulates release of insulin by pancreatic islets, inhibits gastric secretion and motility, stimulates lipid synthesis, stimulates glucose use |
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Gastrin
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stimulus: vagus nerve stimulation or arrival of food in the stomach; arrival of chyme containing large quantities of undigested proteins
origin: stomach; duodenum target: stomach; stomach effects: stimulates production of acids and enzymes which increases motility; same |
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secrtitin
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stimulus: arrival of chyme in the duodenum
origin: duodenum target: pancreas; stomach; liver effects: stimulates production of alkaline buffers; inhibits gastrinc secretion and motility; increases rate of bile secretion |
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VIP
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stimulus: arrival of chyme in duodenum
origin: duodenum target: duodenal glands, stomach effects: stimulation of buffer secretion; inhibits acid production; dilates intestinal capillaries |
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colonoscopy vs endoscopy
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colonoscopy goes through rectum and examines the lower intestines
endoscopy goes through mouth and examines mouth, larynx, exophagus |
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stomach ulcers
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symptoms:
whats affected: hyploric sphincter basic treatment: |
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acid reflux/GERD
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symptoms:
whats affected: cardiac sphincter loosens, acid from stomach leaks up from stomach basic treatment: medicine, sleep on left side |
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celiac disease
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symptoms:
whats affected: basic treatment: |
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irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
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symptoms: chronic abdominal pain
whats affected: gastrinal infection basic treatment: |
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ulcerative colitis
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symptoms: chronic ulcers of colon
whats affected: colon basic treatment: |
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diverticulitis
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symptoms: humps on hofstra, pain in colon due to inflated hofstra
whats affected: increased pressure in colon basic treatment: |
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pancreatic cancer
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symptoms:
whats affected: basic treatment: |
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barrett's esophagus
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symptoms: vomit blood
whats affected: esophagus basic treatment: |
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crohn's disease
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symptoms:
whats affected: blockages in digestive tract basic treatment: |
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pancreatitis
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symptoms:
whats affected: inflamed pancreas basic treatment: |
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appendicitis
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symptoms: pain in lower right abdomin
whats affected: appendix basic treatment: |
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gastroenteritis
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symptoms: sluggish, dehydrated
whats affected: intestines dont absorb as many nutrients as they should due to paracites basic treatment: need to keep hydrated |
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tonsillitis
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symptoms: inflammed tonsils, hard to swallow
whats affected: tonsils basic treatment: have them removed |
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hemorrhoids
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symptoms: inflamed intestinal tissues in rectal area
whats affected: rectum basic treatment: increase fiber intake and lots of water |
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laryngitis
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symptoms: inflammed larynx, acid reflux, infections
whats affected: larynx basic treatment: |
