Practice Questions

Front 1

Path of filtrate through nephron

Back 1

Bowman's capsule → glomerulus → proximal convoluted tubule → descending limb → loop of Henle → ascending limb → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct/ system

Front 2

blood vessels and nerves enter the kidney at?

Back 2

hilum

Front 3

what is the cortical tissue located between the renal pyramids?

Back 3

renal columns

Front 4

an obstruction in the afferent arteriole would result in?

Back 4

lower rate of GFR, decrease pressure in glomerular capillaries

Front 5

The openings of the urethra and the two ureters mark an area on the internal surface of the urinary bladder called the

Back 5

trigone

Front 6

Under normal circumstances virtually all the glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients are reabsorbed before the filtrate leaves the

Back 6

proximal convoluted tube

Front 7

pyretic acid

Back 7

the end product of anaerobic glycolysis

Front 8

the coronal plan is also known as the

Back 8

frontal plane

Front 9

when H2o combine hydrogen

Back 9

becomes weakly positive

Front 10

when H2o combine oxygen

Back 10

forms a stable atom, and its electronegativity remains the same

Front 11

water is

Back 11

polar

Front 12

tendon

Back 12

connects muscle to bone

Front 13

ligament

Back 13

connects bone to bone

Front 14

aponeurosis

Back 14

broad sheetlike tendon that connects muscle to muscle or bone

Front 15

fascicle

Back 15

bundle of muscle or nerve cells surrounded by a connective tissue membrane

Front 16

regulation of emotions is done by the

Back 16

hypothalamus and limbic system

Front 17

corpus callosum

Back 17

carries information between right and left cerebral hemispheres

Front 18

brain functions depend on

Back 18

adequate blood supply

Front 19

abstract though is controlled by

Back 19

cerebral cortex

Front 20

autonomic function is associated with

Back 20

brain stem activity

Front 21

ADH is also known as

Back 21

vasopressin

Front 22

ADH action on the body

Back 22

The hypothalamus sends a message to the pituitary gland which releases ADH. This travels in the blood to your kidneys and affects the tubules so more water is reabsorbed into your blood. As a result you make a smaller volume of more concentrated urine.

Front 23

which ability would be impaired by damage to hair cells at the basal end of the cochlea?

Back 23

hearing high frequency sounds, it is narrower and stiffer

Front 24

which ability would be impaired by damage to hair cells at the apex of the cochlea?

Back 24

low frequency sounds, it is wider and more flexible

Front 25

Discriminating the direction of sound is done by

Back 25

the temporal lobes of the brain

Front 26

Loudness is dependent upon

Back 26

sound intensity, the greater the sound, the greater the vibration of the basilar membrane which has greater nerve impulses to the brain

Front 27

what compensatory response is likely to occur when the blood calcium level is low?

Back 27

Osteoclast activity will be greater, fecal/urine calcium will be lower than normal

Front 28

when does ejection of blood from he ventricles occur during an ECG?

Back 28

between the QRS and T wave

Front 29

the QRS wave reflects

Back 29

the spread of the impulse though the ventricles forcing the blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery

Front 30

the P wave reflects

Back 30

the spread of an electrical impulse through the atria and their contraction, the beginning of the next cardiac cycle

Front 31

the T wave represents

Back 31

depolarization of the electrical tissue, right after the T wave the heart is at rest

Front 32

in early atrial diastole

Back 32

the atria are filling with blood

Front 33

atrial systole

Back 33

contraction of atria, forcing remaining blood into ventricles

Front 34

in early ventricular diastole

Back 34

the ventricles are receiving blood from the atria

Front 35

in ventricular systole

Back 35

the ventricles contract and force blood into aorta and pulmonary artery

Front 36

in a normal heart, what decreases cardiac output?

Back 36

increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart

Front 37

the parasympathetic nervous system has an

Back 37

inhibitory effect on cardiac function

Front 38

an increased stroke volume

Back 38

increases the amount of blood ejected from the ventricle

Front 39

as more blood returns to the heart

Back 39

more blood is ejected

Front 40

beta cells of the pancreas produce

Back 40

insulin

Front 41

alpha cells of the pancreas produce

Back 41

glucagon, which raises blood sugar

Front 42

delta cells secrete

Back 42

somatostatin, which inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon

Front 43

F Cells secrete

Back 43

hormones which regulate the release of pancreatic digestive enzymes

Front 44

Why does stimulating the sympathetic nervous system increase arterial BP?

Back 44

cardiac output and total peripheral resistance both increase

Front 45

The sympathetic nervous system releases what to stimulate cardiac output and vasoconstriction

Back 45

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 46

epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from where?

Back 46

the adrenal medulla

Front 47

what can result from hyper secretion of gastric juice

Back 47

peptic ulcer

Front 48

acute pancreatitis

Back 48

results from severe injury to pancreas

Front 49

cirrhosis

Back 49

hardening of liver tissue

Front 50

pertonitis

Back 50

inflammation of the peritoneum related to infection

Front 51

what is the herring

Back 51

breuer reflex?

Hint 51

it prevents overinflation of the lungs, by sending nerve signals from the stretch receptors in the bronchioles and lungs to the vagus nerve. the impulse is then sent to the apneustic center and medullary rythmicity center and further inspiration is inhibited.

Front 52

how is inspiration stimulated?

Back 52

by high CO2 levels, low O2 levels, and falling pH levels

Front 53

during cellular respiration a diminished supply of oxygen will result in the storage of hydrogen as which acid?

Back 53

lactic

Front 54

when oxygen is inadequate pyretic acid is

Back 54

reduced by two hydrogen ions to for lactic acid

Front 55

Lactic acid can be transported to the liver to be reformed into

Back 55

glucose or pyretic acid

Front 56

acetic acid

Back 56

is formed when pyretic acid is decarboxylated and joined with CaA to enter the mitochondria during aerobic oxidation when the O2 supply is adequate

Front 57

Which hormone increase the reabsorption of sodium and the secretion of potassium by the kidney?

Back 57

aldosterone

Front 58

where is aldosterone released?

Back 58

the adrenal cortex

Front 59

where is ADH released?

Back 59

posterior pituitary

Front 60

Thyroxine is released from

Back 60

the thyroid gland

Front 61

Thyroxine regulates

Back 61

cell metabolism

Front 62

Cortisol is released from

Back 62

adrenal cortex

Front 63

Cortisol

Back 63

elevates blood sugar and reduces inflammation

Front 64

The renin angiontensin mechanism regulates the production of which hormone?

Back 64

aldosterone

Front 65

describe the renin angiotensin mechanism

Back 65

a decrease in blood volume leads the nephron juxtaglomerular cells to release renin. renin converts angiotensiongen to angiontensin I. AngiotensinI is converted to angiotension II in the lung. Angiostatin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

Front 66

Cortisol is stimulated by

Back 66

the pituitary ACTH

Front 67

Glucagon is produced

Back 67

in the alpha cells of the islets of langerhans and is stimulated by epinephrine

Front 68

an increase in the renal bicarbonate reabsorption would tend to have which effect on body fluids?

Back 68

increased pH

Front 69

Bicarbonate absorbs

Back 69

H+ reducing the available H+ and causing pH to increase

Front 70

The more bicarbonate available

Back 70

the greater the opportunity to absorb H+ and prevent a fall in pH

Front 71

Bicarbonate

Back 71

is a plasma solute, any increase in solutes will increase osmolarity

Front 72

Which would be the effect of afferent impulses from lactating breasts to the hypothalamus?

Back 72

prolactin levels would increase

Front 73

impulses from a suckling infant induce and increase in

Back 73

prolactin

Front 74

the milk let

Back 74

down reflex is a product of

Hint 74

oxytocin

Front 75

what is the main source of progesterone following degeneration of the corpus luteum during pregnancy?

Back 75

placenta

Front 76

The placenta is able to convert cholesterol to

Back 76

progesterone, which is necessary after the corpus luteum degenerates

Front 77

follicle cells

Back 77

produce estrogen and developing the secondary oocyte

Front 78

theca cells

Back 78

surround the follicle and are involved in the secretion of steroids

Front 79

corpus albincans

Back 79

is a degenerated corpus luteum that has lost its capacity to produce progesterone

Front 80

Back 80

Front 81

Back 81

Front 82

First order neuron

Back 82

conducts the nerve impulse from the receptor to the spinal cord or brain stem

Front 83

Second order neuron

Back 83

conducts the impulse from the brainstem- spinal cord to the thalamus (ALWAYS ENDS IN THE THALAMUS)

Front 84

Third order neuron

Back 84

conducts nerve impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area

Front 85

If neuron origantes from face

Back 85

travels through a crainal nerve to the brainstem.

Front 86

If neuron originates from anywhere else

Back 86

enters a spinal nerve and enter the spinal cord

Front 87

Two general pathways that carry somatic sensory nerve impulses

Back 87

Posterior column medial lemnisus pathway, Anterolateral/ spinothalamic pathway.

Front 88

Posterior column medial lemnisus pathway

Back 88

carries nerve impules for propioception touch, pressure, and vibration.

Front 89

pathway: first order neurons

Back 89

Extends from the receptor enters one of the two tracts in the spinal cord and ends in the medula oblongota

Front 90

pathway: seconds order neurons

Back 90

extends from the medula oblongota and crosses over and extends up to the thalumus.

Front 91

pathway: third order neuron

Back 91

extends from the thalumus up to the primary somatosensory area of the cortex.

Front 92

Anterolateral/ spinothalamic pathway

Back 92

receive nerce impulses for pain temp tickle and itch

Front 93

Lateral spinothalamic tract

Back 93

carries impulses for pain and temp.

Front 94

spinothalamic: first order neuron

Back 94

extends from receptor- the grey mater of the spinal cord.

Front 95

spinothalamic: sedond order neuron

Back 95

extends from spinal cord and crosses over within- lateral/ anterior tract- thalamus.

Front 96

spinothalamic: third order neuron

Back 96

extends from the thalamus up to the primary somatosensory area.