Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) |
increases water retention by making the collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule permeable to water |
|
|
Aldosterone |
stimulates the secretion of potassium ions and the reabsorption of sodium ions |
|
|
Nephrons |
2 million of them maintain fluid homeostasis by filtering 180 L of fluid through their glomeruli each day to create their glomerular filtrate |
|
|
Specific gravity |
compares the density of urine with the density of water to determine the concentration of solutes in the urine |
|
|
Glomerulus |
a rounded mass of nerves or blood vessels especially the microscopic tuft of capillaries that is surrounded by the glomerular capsule of each kidney |
|
|
Glomerular filtrate |
the fluid produced when blood is filtered by the filtration membrane in the glomeruli of the kidneys |
|
|
Pepsin |
a proteolytic enzyme secreted in an inactive form (pepsinogen) by the gastric glands. |
|
|
emulsification |
The separation of large aggregates of fat into smaller droplets. Primary function of bile salts. |
|
|
Salivary amylase |
will break polysaccharides down into disaccharide maltose. |
|
|
triglycerides |
a lipid formed from one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids that may be either solid (fats) or liquid (oils) at room temperature |
|
|
pancreatic lipase |
digests triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids |
|
|
fatty acids |
a simple lipid that consists of a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain (used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids) |
|
|
Lugol's iodine |
standard test for starch and it will turn dark blue in the presence of starch |
|
|
benedict's solution |
standard test for simple sugar and if a colored precipitate forms (red, orange, green, or yellow floc that settles) after boiling this is a positive test for simple sugar/maltose |
|
|
universal indicator |
changes color when the pH changes |
|
|
In the protein experiment, why were the tubes incubated at 37 degrees celsius? |
because that is body temperature |
|
|
lipid emulsification: are the fat droplets smaller and more dispersed in tube A than tube B? |
yes, tube A |
|
|
enzymatic activity of pancreatic lipase: which tube has the most acidic contents? which tube showed the most digestion? why? where does the acid come from as the lipids are digested? |
2, 2, because the bile salts caused emulsification. fatty acid chains being broken down by the lipids |
|
|
add 3 drops of lugol's iodine to 1/2 inch of the starch solution, what is the color that results? |
dark purple (positive result, starch was present) |
|
|
add 1 drop of lugol's iodine to tube 4, what is the resulting color? |
brownish orange (negative result, starch is not present) |
|
|
this should be a different color than step 2, why? |
because of the salivary amylase breaking down the starch |
|
|
what is the final color? |
Tube 5 yellow orange (+) tube 6 red (+) |
|
|
does this demonstrate the presence of simple sugar in tube 5? |
yes |
|
|
Based on these results, what happened to the starch during the 37 degree celsius water bath incubation in terms of enzymatic activity? |
the amylase broke the starch into simple sugar |
|
|
Tidal Volume |
Volume of air moved in OR out of the lungs in a normal resting breath |
|
|
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) |
the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled from the lungs after a normal quiet exhalation (tidal air) |
|
|
Vital Capacity (VC) |
The greatest volume of gas that, following maximum inhalation can be expelled during a complete, slow, forced, exhalation. (maximum amount of oxygen a person can expel after a maximum inhalation.) |
|
|
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) |
the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal quiet inspiration |
|
|
Vital Capacity equation |
VC=TV+ERV+IRV |
|
|
Inspiratory reserve volume equation |
IRV = VC- (TV + ERV) |
|
|
Residual Volume (RV) |
amount of air left in the lungs following a forceful exhalation. Ensures that the lungs do not collapse. |
|
|
Hyperventilate |
breathing slowly and deeply |
|
|
apnea |
no breathing |
|
|
After hyperventilating in fresh air, blood carbon dioxide content increases? decreases? |
decreases |
|
|
Results obtained in step 2 under collection of data indicate that a decrease in blood carbon dioxide levels is followed by an increase? decrease in rate and depth of respiration? |
decrease |
|
|
Hyperventilation into the paper bag causes the blood CO2 content to decrease? increase? |
increase |
|
|
results observed in step 3 under collection of data indicate that an increase in blood CO2 will be followed by a decrease? increase? in the rate and depth of respiration |
increase |
|
|
the subject was able to hold their breath longer when they did? did not? hyperventilate first (without paper bag) |
was able to hold breath longer when they did hyperventilate without paper bag |
|
|
The explanation for the results observed in the preceding answer is that hyperventilation decreases the ______ ____ content of the blood so it takes longer for it to accumulate high enough to stimulate respiration |
blood CO2 (need to breathe = need to get rid of CO2 (exhaling CO2 is more important than inhaling O2))/ |
|
|
Based on the results obtained in these experiments, you can conclude that the rate and depth of respirations are inversely? directly? related to blood carbon dioxide levels. |
directly |
|
|
Normally when blood CO2 levels increase, rate of respiration increases? decreases? |
increases |
|
|
relate ventilation model to the human body |
when you inhale, diaphragm contracts (goes downward) and allows expansion of the lungs. When you exhale, diaphragm relaxes (goes back up) and lungs return to normal (shrink). Elastic membrane represents diaphragm. Sealed Container is thoracic cavity. Tube is trachea, divides and represents primary bronchi. Balloons represent lungs. |
|
|
bronchiole |
|
|
trachea and "incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage" |
|
|
lung |
|
|
diaphragm |
|
|
taste buds |
|
|
salivary gland |
|
|
stomach |
|
|
small intestine intestinal glands (crypts of lieberkuhn) in mucosa and duodenal (brunner's) glands in the submucosa |
|
|
large intestine |
|
|
liver |
|
|
pancreas |
