• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/34

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

34 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
the survival and/or reproductive value of a behavior (ADAPTIVE VALUE) (Ultimate Cause)
function
- proximate mechanisms governing the behavior (Proximate Causes)
causation
how the behavior has changed over the ontogeny of the individual (Proximate Causes)
development
the phylogenetic path that has given rise to the behavior(Ultimate Cause)
evolutionary history
(experimental psychology, comparative psychology, neuroscience, behavioral physiology, behavioral genetics, comparative anatomy)
proximate causes
Effects of heredity on behavior; Gene-environment interactions underlying the development of sensory-motor mechanisms; learning and prior experience
Genetic-developmental mechanisms
Nervous systems for the detection of environmental stimuli; Hormone systems for adjusting responsiveness to environmental stimuli; Skeletal-muscular systems for carrying out responses
Sensory-motor mechanisms
Events occurring over evolution from the origin of the trait to the present (phylogenetic history)
Historical pathways leading to a current behavior
Past and current usefulness of the behavior in reproductive or survival terms (adaptive value)
Selective processes shaping the history of a behavioral trait
T.H. Huxley’s student; Used observational methods; Studied “mental evolution”-interface of instinct and intelligence; Generalizations and theory can only be based on direct observations and direct experiments; Coined words like “trial-and-error learning, reinforcement, inhibition etc.” (Clever Hans – horse that can add, subtract, etc)
C. Lloyd Morgan
• 1. The difference between natural species and domesticated varieties in respect of fertility.
• 2. Structures which serve to distinguish allied species are often without any known utilitarian significance.
• 3. The swamping influence upon an incipient species-split of free intercrossing.
Romane’s problems with evolution:
Understand the functions of the mind and how the mind operates; (How does mental activity occur? What does mental activity accomplish?)
John Dewey (1859-1952)
Animal behavior consists of:
• Responses, reactions, or adjustments to stimuli
• Most activities of animals are due to their past behavior
• Focus away from the mind to the behavior itself
• Learning became a central area of study
• Rat became a model organism for study
• Combined physiology with psychology
B.F. SKinner
Too much emphasis on rats as a model for all behavior and learning processes; Too much emphasis on learning; not all behaviors are learned; Not all behaviors can be learned; Not all behaviors can be learned equally well; Too few studies related to evolution; References to genetic mechanisms largely absent
Criticisms of Behavioral School:
The systematic study of the function and evolution of behavior (Nikko Tinbergen; Karl von Frisch (Showed that bees respond to ultraviolet light and polarized light); Konrad Lorenz (Studied instinctive behavior in greylag geese and jackdaws))
Ethology
an innate, highly stereotyped response that is triggered by a well-defined, simple stimulus; once the pattern is activated, the response is performed in its entirety. (Examples - Male sticklebacks attack other males that enter their territories; yawn; egg rolling behavior in geese )
fixed action pattern
the effective component of an action or object that triggers a fixed-action pattern (Examples - The red belly of the invading male. Sticklebacks attacked nonfish-like models with red on the ventral surface; yawn; bolas spider; chick pecking at mother’s beak)
sign stimulus
a sign stimulus given by individuals as a social signal to another (examples – Yawn)
releaser
A behavior pattern that reliably develops in most individuals, promoting a functional response to a releaser the first time the action is performed.
instinct
The exploitation and manipulation of another species’ FAP to serve its own purpose (Examples - a young cuckoo exploiting a reed warbler; cowbirds and cuckoos
codebreaking
a form of learning in which individuals exposed to certain key stimuli form an association with the object and may later show sexual behavior toward similar objects (Examples - Shrew caravans
and goose “caravans; Nests of Polistes)
imprinting
-a proximate mechanism of kin recognition based on how similar they are in some way (e.g. odor or appearance)-may be learned or innate.(Examples - Kin discrimination in Belding’s ground squirrels)
phenotype matching
genes contributed by an individual via personal reproduction in the bodies of surviving offspring
direct fitness
genes contributed by an individual indirectly by helping nondescendant kin, in effect creating relatives that would not have existed without the help of the individual
indirect fitness
the sum of an individual’s direct and indirect fitness.
inclusive fitness
A trait that confers higher inclusive fitness on individuals than any other existing alternative exhibited by other individuals within the population; A trait that has spread, or will spread, or is being maintained in a population as a result of natural selection.
adaptation
A measure of the genes contributed to the next generation by an individual, often stated in terms of the number of offspring produced by that individual that survive to reproduce.
fitness
-a set of rules that provides for different tactics under different environmental conditions; the inherited behavioral capacity to be flexible in response to certain cues or situations (Examples - Predator inspection behavior in guppies)
Conditional Strategy
form of natural selection in which the fitness of a phenotype depends upon its relative frequency in the population.
Frequency dependent selection
that set of rules of behavior that when adopted by a certain proportion of the population cannot be replaced by any alternative strategy
Evolutionarily stable strategy
measures individual photoreceptor responses to specific light wavelengths
Microspectrophotometric studies
Measure neuron firing levels based on stimuli
Electro-retinograms (ERGs)
- Measure head movement to correct for environmental movement
Optomotor Response
Measure what animals are visually attending to
Visual Motor Grasp Reflex