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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the survival and/or reproductive value of a behavior (ADAPTIVE VALUE) (Ultimate Cause)
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function
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- proximate mechanisms governing the behavior (Proximate Causes)
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causation
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how the behavior has changed over the ontogeny of the individual (Proximate Causes)
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development
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the phylogenetic path that has given rise to the behavior(Ultimate Cause)
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evolutionary history
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(experimental psychology, comparative psychology, neuroscience, behavioral physiology, behavioral genetics, comparative anatomy)
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proximate causes
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Effects of heredity on behavior; Gene-environment interactions underlying the development of sensory-motor mechanisms; learning and prior experience
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Genetic-developmental mechanisms
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Nervous systems for the detection of environmental stimuli; Hormone systems for adjusting responsiveness to environmental stimuli; Skeletal-muscular systems for carrying out responses
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Sensory-motor mechanisms
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Events occurring over evolution from the origin of the trait to the present (phylogenetic history)
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Historical pathways leading to a current behavior
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Past and current usefulness of the behavior in reproductive or survival terms (adaptive value)
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Selective processes shaping the history of a behavioral trait
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T.H. Huxley’s student; Used observational methods; Studied “mental evolution”-interface of instinct and intelligence; Generalizations and theory can only be based on direct observations and direct experiments; Coined words like “trial-and-error learning, reinforcement, inhibition etc.” (Clever Hans – horse that can add, subtract, etc)
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C. Lloyd Morgan
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• 1. The difference between natural species and domesticated varieties in respect of fertility.
• 2. Structures which serve to distinguish allied species are often without any known utilitarian significance. • 3. The swamping influence upon an incipient species-split of free intercrossing. |
Romane’s problems with evolution:
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Understand the functions of the mind and how the mind operates; (How does mental activity occur? What does mental activity accomplish?)
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John Dewey (1859-1952)
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Animal behavior consists of:
• Responses, reactions, or adjustments to stimuli • Most activities of animals are due to their past behavior • Focus away from the mind to the behavior itself • Learning became a central area of study • Rat became a model organism for study • Combined physiology with psychology |
B.F. SKinner
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Too much emphasis on rats as a model for all behavior and learning processes; Too much emphasis on learning; not all behaviors are learned; Not all behaviors can be learned; Not all behaviors can be learned equally well; Too few studies related to evolution; References to genetic mechanisms largely absent
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Criticisms of Behavioral School:
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The systematic study of the function and evolution of behavior (Nikko Tinbergen; Karl von Frisch (Showed that bees respond to ultraviolet light and polarized light); Konrad Lorenz (Studied instinctive behavior in greylag geese and jackdaws))
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Ethology
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an innate, highly stereotyped response that is triggered by a well-defined, simple stimulus; once the pattern is activated, the response is performed in its entirety. (Examples - Male sticklebacks attack other males that enter their territories; yawn; egg rolling behavior in geese )
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fixed action pattern
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the effective component of an action or object that triggers a fixed-action pattern (Examples - The red belly of the invading male. Sticklebacks attacked nonfish-like models with red on the ventral surface; yawn; bolas spider; chick pecking at mother’s beak)
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sign stimulus
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a sign stimulus given by individuals as a social signal to another (examples – Yawn)
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releaser
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A behavior pattern that reliably develops in most individuals, promoting a functional response to a releaser the first time the action is performed.
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instinct
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The exploitation and manipulation of another species’ FAP to serve its own purpose (Examples - a young cuckoo exploiting a reed warbler; cowbirds and cuckoos
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codebreaking
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a form of learning in which individuals exposed to certain key stimuli form an association with the object and may later show sexual behavior toward similar objects (Examples - Shrew caravans
and goose “caravans; Nests of Polistes) |
imprinting
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-a proximate mechanism of kin recognition based on how similar they are in some way (e.g. odor or appearance)-may be learned or innate.(Examples - Kin discrimination in Belding’s ground squirrels)
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phenotype matching
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genes contributed by an individual via personal reproduction in the bodies of surviving offspring
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direct fitness
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genes contributed by an individual indirectly by helping nondescendant kin, in effect creating relatives that would not have existed without the help of the individual
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indirect fitness
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the sum of an individual’s direct and indirect fitness.
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inclusive fitness
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A trait that confers higher inclusive fitness on individuals than any other existing alternative exhibited by other individuals within the population; A trait that has spread, or will spread, or is being maintained in a population as a result of natural selection.
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adaptation
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A measure of the genes contributed to the next generation by an individual, often stated in terms of the number of offspring produced by that individual that survive to reproduce.
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fitness
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-a set of rules that provides for different tactics under different environmental conditions; the inherited behavioral capacity to be flexible in response to certain cues or situations (Examples - Predator inspection behavior in guppies)
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Conditional Strategy
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form of natural selection in which the fitness of a phenotype depends upon its relative frequency in the population.
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Frequency dependent selection
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that set of rules of behavior that when adopted by a certain proportion of the population cannot be replaced by any alternative strategy
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Evolutionarily stable strategy
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measures individual photoreceptor responses to specific light wavelengths
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Microspectrophotometric studies
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Measure neuron firing levels based on stimuli
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Electro-retinograms (ERGs)
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- Measure head movement to correct for environmental movement
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Optomotor Response
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Measure what animals are visually attending to
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Visual Motor Grasp Reflex
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