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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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public relations
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leadership and management function that helps achieve organizational objectives, define philosophy, and facilitate organizational change
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social marketing
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form of public relations that tries to change public attitudes and behaviors on behalf of a social cause whose work benefits society as a whole, rather than on behalf of a sponsoring organization
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publics
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groups of individuals tied together by common characteristics or responses
-generally defined in terms of their organizational relationship to us |
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example of publics
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media, employees, governmental officials, community leaders, and financial analysts
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public affairs
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aspect of public relations dealing with the governmental environment of an organization
-relationship between government and an organization |
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rhetoricians
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speechmakers who write or deliver speeches
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press agents
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individuals who use information as a manipulative tool, employing whatever means are available to achieve desired public action and opinion
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"propaganda of the deed"
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proactive decisions solely to gain attention for ideas or grievances
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theory
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prediction of how events and actions are related
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systems theory
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looks at organizations as made up of interrelated parts, adapting and adjusting to changes in the political, economic and social environments in which they operate
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open systems
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organizations that use PR people to bring back information on how productive their relationships are with clients, customers and other stakeholders
* allow for two-way flow of resources and information between an organization and its environment |
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closed systems
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do not seek out new information, operate on what has happened in the past, or personal preference
* less likely to build effective relationships with key publics |
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stakeholders
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individuals or groups who percieve themselves as having an interest in the actions of an organization
-create problems and opportunities for each other within an organization |
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examples of stakeholders
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customers, media, community, financial institutions and the government
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boundary spanners
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look inside and outside the organization to anticipate issues, problems and opportunities
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dominant coalition
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primary decision makers of the organization
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environment
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concept in systems theory that suggests that organizations exist within social, political and economic arenas
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situational theory
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technique for segmenting audiences in public relations based on their likelihood of communicating
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the three variables that predict when publics will seek and process information
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1. problem recognition
2. constraint recognition 3. level of involvement |
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problem recognition
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a public recognizing a problem and its potential effects
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constraint recognition
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describes how publics perceive obstacles that may stand in the way of a solution
- if the public feels that it has a chance of influencing an issue they are more likely to seek and process information on that issue |
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level of involvement
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refers to how much an individual cares about an issue
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persuasion
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communication process intended to change behaviors, awareness or attitudes
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four persuasion terms
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1. awareness
2. attitudes 3. beliefs 4. behaviors |
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factors that influence how persuasive PR will be
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1. source
2. message 3. receiver |
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social exchange theory
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theory that assumes that individuals and groups chose strategies based on perceived rewards and costs
-costs vs. benefits to predict behavior in individuals |
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diffusion theory
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theory that states people adapt to an idea only after going through five stages: awareness, interest, evaluation, trial and adoption
-useful for explaining how we reach important decisions |
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social learning theory
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theory that attempts to explain and predict behavior by looking at ways individuals process information
-helps to understand that personal example and mass media can be important to acquiring new behaviors |
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elaborated likelihood model
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a cognitive processing model that explains whether people skim messages for relevant cues (peripheral processing) or read and think through the material (central processing)
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uses and gratifications theory
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a theory that asserts people are active and selective users of media
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peripheral route
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people are influenced by repetition, a credible spokesperson, or tangible rewards
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central route
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situation in which people actively think about an idea
-presumes people are interested in your message, have time to attend to your arguments and can evaluate your evidence with an open mind |
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agenda setting theory
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theory that suggests that media content that people read, see, and listen to set the agenda for society's discussion and interaction
-media cant tell you what to think but can tell you what to think about |
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media agenda
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topics chosen by the media to report
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roles
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collection of daily activities that people do
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manager role
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refers to the public relations roles undertaken by public relations managers to identify and solve problems
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technician role
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PR practitioners who perform the skills of writing, editing, or producing the public relations material
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models
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way of looking at something
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cultural interpreter model
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model of public relations focused on explaining the culture of an organizations publics or stakeholders
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personal influence model
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model of public relations based on friendship
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conflict resolution
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efforts to reduce friction between individuals or organizations and publics
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9 conflict resolution strategies
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1. contention
2. cooperation 3. accommodation 4. avoidance 5. unconditional constructive 6. compromise 7. principled 8. win/win or no deal 9. mediated |
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commercial speech
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public communications by business organizations through advertising or public relations to achieve sales or other organizational goals
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defamation
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any communication that holds a person up to contempt, hatred, ridicule, or scorn
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criminal libel
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public defamatory communication causing breech of the peace or incitement to riot- the state, or the injured party through the government, seeks punishment under criminal statures, which may result in fine, imprisonment or both
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civil libel
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cases involving published, defamatory information showing negligence and identifying the injured party- the injured party seeks monetary damage under civil statures
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malice
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a requirement of civil libel in cases involving public figures that states that the plaintiff must show the defendants knowledge of the falsity of published material or a reckless disregard for the truth
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elements of civil libel
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1. publication
2. defamation 3. damage 4. identification 5. fault 6. malice |
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privilege
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a defense against libel- the allowance of what might otherwise be libelous because of the circumstances under which a statement was produced. A person has "qualified privilege" to report fairly and accurately a public meeting or record, even if it turns out to be untrue.
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fair comment
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a defense against libel, the expression of opinion on matters of public interest
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privacy rights
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protection from unauthorized intrusion into a persons private life
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invasion of privacy
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four areas in which one entity may violate the privacy of another- appropriation, publication of private information, intrusion, or publication of false information
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appropriation
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commercial use of a persons picture, likeness, or name without permission
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publication of private information
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part of privacy law that says even though it is true, some information, such as health records, cant be published without prior consent
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intrusion
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surreptitious recording or observing of others peoples private documents, possessions, activities, or communications
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false light
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part of privacy law that indicates privacy has been invaded if truthful information has been used in an exaggerated form or out of context
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written consent
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defense against invasion of privacy and copyright violation when permission is given in writing
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Freedom of Information Act
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a law passed in 1966, and amended in 1974 requiring the disclosure of certain categories of government information
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Sunshine Act
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a law requiring meetings of governmental boards, commissions, and agencies to be open to the public
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USA Patriot Act
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a 2001 federal law that permits the government wider powers to access individual records
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Federal Trade Commission
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The federal government regulatory body charged with ensuring fair dealing in relation to goods and services in terms of such things as truth in advertising- governs all commercial advertising
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Food and Drug Administration
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the agency that labeling, packaging, and sale of food, drugs and cosmetics
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Federal Communications Commission
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A regulatory body established in 1934 to regulate television and radio broadcasting
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National Labor Relations Board
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the federal government regulatory body charged with overseeing union activities and union/ management relations. it governs communication between unions and employers
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Securities and Exchange Commission
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Federal government regulatory body established by congress in 1934 to oversee the trade of stocks and bonds and the operations of financial markets
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Securities and Exchange act of 1934
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requires adequate publicity for sale of stocks and full disclosure of any pertinent information when it becomes available, it set up the securities and exchange commission to regulate financial markets
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fair use
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permission to use creative expression of others without compensation, it is based on four criteria specified in the 1976 copyright law.
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copyright
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legal protection from unauthorized use of intellectual property fixed in any tangible medium of expression
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trademark
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a legally protected name, logo, or design registered to restrict its use to the owner
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product liability
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the principle that companies are responsible for any damage or disease that may be caused by the use of their products
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