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201 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Agora

Greek Market place and place of Exchange

Christopher Wren

English Baroque
1710 St. Paul's Cathedral, on Ludgate Hill
Designed 51 chruches after the great london fire

Haussmann

1850-1870
modernization program of Paris commissioned by Napoléon III
Network of large avenues though parisian neightborhoods
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haussmann's_renovation_of_Paris

Sitte

1889 City Planning According to Artistic Principles-
irregular urban structure, spacious plazas, enhanced by monuments and other aesthetic elements

Guaranteed Maximum Cost

Agreed cost between owner and contractor as the max cost of work

Radburn

New Jersey
Designed by Wright and Stein
Suberblocks pedestrian paths and roads are seperate

baffle

Obstruction against flow

International Style

1900's -1930 related to de stijl and Bauhaus
Walter Gropius, Van Der Rohe
ornament is a crime, truth to materials, form follows function

Cella

inner enclosed room of an ancient temple

Improved Land

land on which buildings have not yet been constructed but contains utilities and streets

Morphology

Study of form or structure of anything

Exit

continuous means of egress usually 44 in or more wide

degree day

amount by which the average outdoor temperature is below 65 degree F or one day

Sheet Pattern

Urban area which lacks focal points or form

Dais

Platform raised above street level

Restrictive Covenants

Provisions that restrict the use of property by the buyer usually time restricted to 10-30 years

Highest and Best use

Property developed to yield the highest and best use on investment. Basis of Property Values

Land Value Methods

Income approach
Cost approach
Market Approach

Income Approch

Land Values- potential income minus taxes and other expenses other than development

Cost Approach

Land Value estimated at highest and best use. Cost to replace buildings and improvements are factored in minus accrued depreciation. This is added to the land value

Market Approach

...

Romanesque

Dates/Era: 900s - end of 1100's
Location: Medieval Europe
Significance: massive quality, thick walls, round arches, sturdy piers, groin vaults, large towers and decorative arcading very regular, symmetrical
Castles and Abbeys

Gothic

Dates/Era: 1100s - 1300s
Reimes, Nortre Dame du Paris
Location: Europe
Significance: - Popular for religious structures,pointed arch, buttressing, and ribbed vaults.
thinner walls, larger glass windows, and vaults to be
constructed over bays that were square/rectangular/odd shaped

Baroque

...

Georgian

Dates/Era: Late 1760s- 1790s
Location: England/Colonial America, USA
Significance: - General buildings were 5 bays with 2 stories and a central door,
a double gambrel roof, quoining, heavy detailing (molding profile,
keystone) thick chimney, 12 over 12 windows that were small
compared to the building mass, and mutule blocks

Federal Style

Dates/Era: 1790s - 1820s
Location: USA
Significance: - Style that originated from Pompeii.
- Delicate detail & ornamentation, 12 over 12 windows, circulate
window in pediment, pilasters that create arcade, splayed/point
lintel, finely carved moldings, fan/transom lights around doorway

Greek Revival

Greek Revival
Dates/Era: 1840s - 1860s
Location: USA
Significance: - Looks like a temple with chunky details, arched columnist with
correct proportions, full pediment, correct entablature (cornice,
freeze, architrave), 6 over 6 windows, squared lintel, earlier
examples have lower pitched roof
- Facades were in antis (two columns and two pilasters on facade)

Gothic Revival

Gothic Revival
Dates/Era: 1850s - 1860s
Location: England (never took off in US)
Significance: - sought to revive medieval forms in contrast to the neoclassical/
beaux arts styles prevalent at the time. Associated w/churches
- steep pitch roof, painted arches, verge board, wall dormers,
irregular "L" shaped plan, flat buttressing

shingle Style

Shingle Style
Dates/Era: Late 1880s
Location: USA/New England
Significance: - Closely related to masonry, mimics the shape of stone, has
shingles used as membrane, cavernous openings in gable are
emphasized, as well as the overall volume of the building instead
of details, gambrel roofs have curve edges, and shingles curve
around corners and protrusions

Prairie School

Prairie School
Dates/Era: 1890s - 1920s
Location: USA
Significance: - Low and wide projections that emphasize horizontality, broad
eves, stucco facades, windows and doors tucked under eaves
for privacy.
- Typically associated with Frank Lloyd Wright

Craftsman

Bungalow/Craftsman
Dates/Era: 1913 - 1920s
Location: USA
Significance: - Low, small and modest construction that has a Japanese
influence with square battered columns, exposed rafter tails, and
emphasis of craftsmanship in design (clinkerbrick ) wide eaves,
ideas borrowed from single style, and considered a dignified
middle class home

Art Deco

Art Deco
Dates/Era: 1929
Location: USA
Significance: Vertical/stripped down gothic that seems to go on forever to the sky, any ornamentation is replaced with mechanics, and alludes to speed and industry

New Urbanism

New Urbanism:
Dates/Era: 1980s - present
Location: United States
Significance: - Reform all aspects of development and urban planning (from
urban remodels to suburban infill) to contain a diverse range of
housing and jobs and be walkable.
- Ahwahnee Principles were developed by Duany, Platter-
Zebeck, Calthorpe, and others as a set of community principles

City Beautiful Movement

Dates/Era: 1890s - 1900s
Location: United States (Chicago, Detroit, DC)
Significance: - Progressive architecture and urban planning movement with the intent of using beatification and monumental grandeur in cities to counteract the moral decay of poverty stricken urban environments.
- It wasn't beauty for beauty's sake, but for social control and
improvement of the lives of the inner-city poor.

beaux arts

Beaux Arts Architecture
Dates/Era: 1670s - 1960s
Location: Europe and the US (1880 - 1920)
Significance: - Academic neoclassical architectural style taught at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris.
- Slightly over scale details, bold sculpture, deep cornices, swags, flat roof, hierarchy of spaces (from grand staircases to small utilitarian services), arched windows, arched/pedimented doors, classical details, symmetry, sculpture, murals, and coordinated artwork
\"White City"
Palais Garnier

Ordinance of 1785

Dates/Era: 1785
Location: USA
Started the rectangle survey system of the United States that reinforced the idea of grid planning that began with Penn's plan for Philadelphia

Ebenezer Howard

1898
Garden cities of Tomorrow, A treatise on utopian communites His idealised garden city would house 32,000 people on a site of 6,000 acres (2,400 ha), planned on a concentric pattern with open spaces, public parks and six radial boulevards, 120 ft (37 m) wide

Garden City Movement

Early 1900's planned, self-contained communities surrounded by "greenbelts" (parks), containing proportionate areas of residences, industry and agriculture.

Optimum building shape for energy efficency

Square. Minimize surface area B 7-2

external load dominant buildings

Energy use determined by heat loss or gain though the skin. Houses apartments and warehouses B7.2

Internal load Dominant Buildings

Driven by high heat gain from occupants lighting and equipment. office, hospital, retail labs B7.2

Tree and wind

30% - 40% reduction in wind speed B-2 for 10x tree height, after that falls off. Use evergreen to block winter wind

Shading Strategy for East and West face

Vertical shading

Earth Sheltering

Pro: moderate temperatures, soundproofing protection from wind and tornadoes. Usually south is left exposed to light and air.
Con: varmits. Not really. Dont use clay test for radon
B7-4

Daylight Factor

Ratio of horizontal interior luminescence to exterior illuminance.

DF = 100 * Ein / Eext

The Ein illuminance=
direct illuminance + reflections on the outside environment (EER)+reflection on the inside surfaces
1.5% -4% for office tasks

2 types of Historic town forms

circular- herding enclosing Maximum amount of area with Min amount of fence
rectilinear - agricultural logic of field planning and ownership

Radiocentric

incremental urban growth

Greek town planning - person and form

Hippodamus- Rectilinear pattern enclosed by irregular wall determined by topography. Usually contained a harbor and were limited in size by available surrounding food production

Roman Town Planning

Vitruvius- based on greek, rectangular enclosing walls and two main intersecting streets the Cardo and the Decumanus. Two types of towns the commercial (oppidium) and the military (castrum)

Cardo

The cardo was a north-south-oriented street in Roman cities, military camps, and coloniae. The cardo, an integral component of city planning, was lined with shops and vendors, and served as a hub of economic life.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardo

Decumanus

In Roman city planning, a decumanus was an east-west-oriented road in a Roman city, castra (military camp), or colonia. The main decumanus was the Decumanus Maximus, Forum is located at the near the intersection with the cardo maximus

Medieval Towns

Built on former roman towns, used many types of planning geometries walled with often an inner, older walled city

Renaissance towns and cities

Plazas,idealized military town surrounded by fortifications that created a star in plan

Baroque Towns and city planning

Boulevards and Vista avenues with landmarks at the end and the Town planning of this period featured radiating avenues intersecting in squares,

5 steps of Programming

Establish Goals
Collect and analyze facts
Uncover and test concepts
Determine Needs
State the Problem

4 Major considerations of Programming

Function Form Economy Time

Programming

a process leading to the statement of an architectural problem and the requirements to be met in offering a a solution

Fuction

What's going to happen in the building

people
activities
relationships

Form

What you will see and feel
site
environment
quality

Economy

Budget and quality of construction
Initial Budget
Operating Costs
Life Cycle Costs

Time

Past
Present
Future
`

Programming phasing

In Schematic design and Design development. The schematic program focuses on major concepts and needs. Design development breaks it down in more detail.

Site Design - Hills

South: Warmer, midslope most constant
Higher: 20% Windier but better drainage colder
Valleys: Fog, inversions

Albedo

solar reflectance, is the ratio of reflected solar radiation to the total amount that falls on that surface, known as incident solar radiation. Albedo values range from 0, for perfect absorbers, to 1, for perfect reflectors.

Where do trees go in relation to building structure

Toward prevailing winter winds up to 10 times as far away as the tree height. Coniferous better for winter. Deciduous is better for southern exposures

Comfort zone

63-71 winter
66-75 summer
30-60% Humidity

Decibel Range Low and High

1 threshold of hearing
60 normal conversation
140 threshold of pain

Site Noise Reduction strategies

1. Distance - 2x distance reduces sount intensity to 1/4 or about 6 db. Linear sources Freeways only 3 db
2. White noise- Fountains
3. Solid Barriers- High can close reduce high frequency noise low walls as a distance have no effect
4. Trees may help but this is minimal

Lewis Mumford

City in History 1961
Harshly critical of urban sprawl, Mumford argues that the structure of modern cities is partially responsible for many social problems seen in western society. While pessimistic in tone, Mumford argues that urban planning should emphasize an organic relationship between people and their living spaces.
Mumford uses the example of the medieval city as the basis for the "ideal city,"

Benton Mackaye

forester Proposed Appalachian trail

Stein and Wright

Ecological plan for New York

National Resources planning Board

In 1933 the Department of the Interior created what it called the National Planning Board (NPB), which was intended to plan public works initiatives for the Depression-era relief projects undertaken as part of the New Deal.

Ecology

The science of the patter of relations between a community of organisms and it's environment

Ecologic Site Design Strategies

1. Leave site as undisturbed as possible
2. Grade the site as little as possible

Ahwahnee Principles

Sustainable planning conference in 1991. Came up with a series of principles summarized below:
1. Focused on amenities within walking distance
2.Center focus
3. Ample open space
4. Communities have edges and open space between them
5. Unified Transportation based on Transit
6 Conserve resources

Conservation Movement

Late 19th century- focused on the economic management of resources.

Theodore Roosevelt Gifford Pinchot

Sustainable Site Selection

Cost
Adjacency to Utilities
Transportation
Building Type
Zoning
Neighborhood Compatibility

Ecological Landscaping

1.Indigenous Plant Material
2.Locate shade trees and plants of dark surfaces to reduce heat island effect
3.Replace Lawns with natural grasses
4. Provide onsite infiltration ans swales
5. Xeriscaping

Fee Simple

highest ownership interest possible that can be had in real property. Allowing the property to sold, inheritable

Homestead Act

1862. 160 acres where deeded to anyone who built a house and lived on the land for 5 years

1787 Land Division System of the USA

The basic unit of ownership was to be the township — a six-mile square or 36 square miles. Each township was to be divided into 36 sections, each a one-mile square or 640 acres.
A north-south line of townships was to be known as a range.

Used in "western" Lands Ohio, Louisiana Purchace and far West

Life Cycle Costs

purchase
install
maintain
dispose

Spot Zoning

a small zone, possibly a single lot that is zoned differentlyc than the surrounding Zone. More common is the conditional use.

Determination of critical path

Total project time is established by the path with the most time Add up the legs.

Deed Restrication

any clause that places limitations or restrictions on the use of the property

SF per parking stall

300-400 including aisles

Drain field requierments

Must be 100 ' away from well or surface water
Drain tiles sloped 1" per 24'

Primary Circulation

Lobbies, Corridors and Vert transportation between entrances, restrooms and code required exits

Secondary Circulation

Corridors providing access from net assignable area to the primary circulation

Unassigned areas

Circulation, mechanical, toilets, closets. storage wall s and partitions

What % of the GBA is walls, partitiions and structure, including columns

7-9% from Problem seeking

What % are Restrooms as req'd by the building code of GBA

1.5-2%

What % of the GBA is circluation?

16 -30% or Half of all Unassigned areas

Net Assignable area or Net area Includes:

Area required to accommodate a function, equipment, occupant or group. Includes interior walls, columns and projections. To finish.

Net Assignable area or Net area Excludes:

Exterior walls, Major vertical penetrations, building core and service areas, primary circulation and secondary circulation

Useable area

Floor area assigned to occupant groups Includes net assignable areas of interior walls, columns and secondary circulation.

Ie. In an office place everything past the front door

Rentable area

All interior spaces minus elevator and stair shafts. Do note include exterior walls

Gross area

The Floor area totally enclosed within the building envelope including basements mezzanines or penthouses

Overall Building Efficiency

Net Assignable area/ Building Gross area
Between 50% for a building with many small rooms and a lot of circulation and up to 90% for warehouses

Base Building Efficiency

Useable area / Building Gross area
Usually about 80%

Interior Layout Efficiency

Net Assignable area / Usable area.

Building Cost - Programming Cost Estimate

Cost of construction within 5' of the building line, all items required by codes and items normally found in buildings regardless of type.

Fixed Equipment

Lockers, fixed seating, fixed medical equipment, stages, security all equipment which would be in the general construction contract.

About 8% depends heavily on building type

Site Development- Programming budget

All work that lies within the site boundary and in the immediate ROW or within 5' from the edge of property line.

Eg. Grading, fill, roads, utilities, landscape, walks, site funishings

5-20% of building cost

Professional fees as % of building costs

5-15%.

5 is common for larger simple buildings
15 is common for residential

Construction Contingency

5-15% depending on State of construction documents, complexity of design, schedule length and site conditions

Site development costs

On Grade Garage - allow 125 care/ acre @ $1200-1500/car
Structured Parking allow 300 sf a car. Problem seeking estimates $ 7500 a car, but can go past 25-30K in an urban underground garge

Discounting

The opposite of compounding. Discounting tells you how much you would have to invest now to get X at future point in time. The discount rate is a compound interst rate used to convert income, expenses and future cash flows to a present value

A101

Owner/Contractor agreement- stipulated sum
Partners with A201
Specifies:
Start Date,contract time,liquidated damages, sum, pay applications

A201

General Conditions
Part of the contract documents referenced by A101, A401 and B141
Not a contract, but part of one.
Does not bind Architect, Architect is a third party.
Delineates procedures and obligations

B 141

Standard form of agreement between architect and owner

Proctor Compaction test

The Proctor compaction test is a laboratory method of experimentally determining the optimal moisture content at which a given soil type will become most dense and achieve its maximum dry density

Metes and bounds

Land description that begins at known point and describes the lenght and bearing of each side of the property

Acre

43,560

Check

24 mi x 24 mi parcel divided int townships

Township

6mi x 6mi divided into sections

Sections

1 mi square containing 640 acres

Gravel

Well drained and able to carry loads

Sand

Well drained can can serve as a foundation when graded

Silt

Stable if dry to not use if wet

Clay

Must be removed from site

Designing with a high watertable

pump out during excavation, waterproof basement use cont. footing drain

What are poor soil and what is the design solution

Clays, silty sand or silt should use piles and a grade beam or excavate to better footing if shallow

Bearing Capacity of Bedrock

10,000 lbs

Bearing capacity of Gravel sand

3,000-12,000 lbs

Bearing capacity of Compacted sand and fill

2,0000 - 3,000 lbs

Spread footing

Common foundation, easy to construct, most economical

Mat Foundation

Thick, solid slab used is low bearing situations where borings are not appropriate. Expensive

FFE budget estimates

3-4x interior design fees

Tax increment Financing

Bonds to pay for civic improvements, which causes land value and taxes to increase Bonds are repaid based on the increased tax value

General Obligation bonds

Used on civic projects, usually requires voter approval and is repaid though taxes

Ad Valorem tax

Tax based on the value of the property

Deed Restrictions

Limited on the property by original developers. Do not expire and cannot be changed

Restrictive Covenants

Imitations and stipulations on aesthetics, vegetation, storage.

Affirmative Covenants

Commits a buyer to performing duties in the future

Blanket Loan

Loans used to purchase a large parcel and subdivide The lot is release from the load when it is purchased and the debt is repaid

Bridge Loan

Loan used to close on a property and start construction while the full construction loan is awaiting approval

Mezzanine loan

Variable interest loan, Interest rate grows the longer it is held.

Conventional Mortgage

Used to finance homes. Bank lends 80-90% of purchase price, and is paid back is 30 years. Title is clear when bank is paid off

Deed of trust

Title is held by a trustee

Gross vs Net Density

Net values do not include streets

Density Required for efficient transit

30 people per Acre

Defensible Space

Design safe environments though:
Territoriality
Natural Surveillance- Eyes on the street
Image- Design that instill security and quality
Millieu- amenities like police stations nearby
Oscar Newman

Personal space

Intimate 1 '
personal 4'
Social 12'
Public 25'

Asbestos

Banned in 1973
Proper methods for dealing
with asbestos are:
• Developing and carrying out a special
containing materials are kept in good
condition. This is the most common
method when the materials are in good
condition at the time of initial inspection.
•
• Spraying the material with a sealant to
prevent fiber release - a process called
encapsulation.
• Placing a barrier around the materials,
which is known as an enclosure.
• Removing asbestos - under special
procedures.

Lead Paint

Banned in 1978. If more than 6sf is being disturbed must be done by certified contractors

Shopping center design principles

800' long, Each store with 20-30' of frontage and about 120' deep
Mix of shopping, dining and services
2sf of Parking for every sf of building

School design Principles

Classrooms and quiet spaces away from noisy spaces
Address children's scale and sensibilites
Design to the teaching method
classrooms are 800-1000sf

Theater design Principles

depth 4-5x the stage width
30% vertical viewing angle to the stage

Hospitals

High Mechanical loads, Complex designs
55% efficiency ratio
Patient rooms 150-200 sf, 25-35 beds per ward

Parking

90 deg is the most efficient and allows for 2 way traffic, angled allows for increased traffic flow 300-400 sf per stall

U factor

Heat transmission factor. Commonly used in windows and envelope design. Lower is better

R Value

Measure of thermal resistance. Higher is better

Dead End Corridor length

20' / 50' with a sprinkler exception

Design for Arid Climates

Minimize sub exposure and shelter from wind. Can use courtyards for cooling. Use thermal Mass to store heat. Cluster buildings for shade

Design for Hot and Humid

Maximize natural ventilation though breezeways and wraparound decks

Design for Temperate

Maximize solar exposure in winter, the sun is low and ample southern windows and massive flooring.

Design for Cold Climates

Orient buildings to shelter from wind, use compact shapes to reduce heat loss. South window to maximize solar gains

Non Conforming Use

Zoning term for a structure that is no longer allowed in that zone but is allowed to remain

Road design Guidlines

Avoid sightly offset intersections, angles of less than 80 degrees.

With of 2 lane highway

40'

Common Path of Travel

75'

Exit Distance

250'

How many exits with 51 occupants

2

Building Rehabilitation is appropriate when:

It is not historic in it's own right but part of a district and may take on a new use.

Building Preservation is appropriate when:

Specifically significant - designed by are famous architect or housed and historic event. Usually on the register. Use and character shall be preserved

NFPA 101

Fire code, flame spread rating

C 141

Architect-Consultant Agreement architect assumes primary contractual responsibility to
the owner for the accuracy and completeness of the work of the architect's consultants.
• If something goes wrong, the architect can be held liable.
• Agreement should parallel owner-architect agreement

Traditional Design Fees

• Traditional design fees:
Architecture =10% of construction cost
Mechanical =15%
Electrical=12.5%
Civil=10.5%
Structural= 9.4%
In MF residential We are about 1/3 of this and mechanical is very little

Division 1

establishes
the administrative/procedural duties of the contractor, architect, owner during construction.

Division 2

Site Construction

Division 3

Concrete

Division 4

Masonry

Division 5

Metals

Division 6

Wood and Plastics

Division 7

Thermal and Moisture Protection

Division 8

Openings / Doors and windows

Division 9

Finishes

Division 10

Specialties
Grilles, flagpoles, fireplace...

Division 11

Equipment

Division 12

Furnishings

Division 14

Conveying systems
Elevators, escalators

Division 15

Mechanical

Division 16

Electrical

Division 22

Plumbing

Type I

Non combustible 3 hour resistance required.
Concrete, or steel with concrete cover
High rises
Unlimited size

Type II

Non Combustible 1 hour protection required. Often metal stud with fire protection

Type III

Exterior Walls are non combustible and teh interior may be of any material permitted by code.
1 hour with a 2 hour exterior

Type IV

Heavy timber structures with Non Combustible Exterior walls

Type V

Any materials permitted by code often wood. Structural elements usually carry a 1 hour rating in type Va and o in VB

Door Rating in a 4 hour fire wall or barrier

3 hour

Door rating in a 2 or 90 min fire wall or barrier

90min

Door rating in a shaft or exit enclosure of 1 hour

1 hour

Door in a corridor, eg unit entry door rating

20 min

Fire rating is shafts connecting 4 stories or more

2 hours

Fire Rating in shafts connecting less than 4 stories

1 hour

Smoke Barrier

Required in Group I occupancies and must carry a 1 hour fire resistance rating

Fire Partitions

Enclose an exit corridor, dwelling units and sleeping units. 1 Hour

Fire Barrier

Used for Exits (2 hr) incidental use areas( 1 hr). Higher degree of protection than partitions but lack structural integrity of fire walls.

Crystal Palace

1851 Joesph paxton, London

St Pancras Station

London 1876