Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is a neutrophil? |
The phagocyte (has antimicrobials and most abundant)
|
|
|
What is Eosinophil?
|
The parasite destroyer, Allergy inducer
|
|
|
What is a basophil?
what receptor does it have? what does it release? |
The allergy helper (IgE receptor => histamine release)
|
|
|
What is a monocyte?
|
The destroyer => MP (hydrolytic enzymes, coffee- bean nucleus)
|
|
|
What is a lymphocyte?
|
The warrior => T,B, NK cells
|
|
|
What is the platelet?
|
The clot
|
|
|
What is a blast?
|
baby hematopoietic cell
|
|
|
What is band?
|
baby neutrophil
|
|
|
What does high WBC and < 5% blast cell tells you?
where is this seen? why? |
leukemoid reaction,
seen in burn pts (extreme demargination looks like leukemia) |
|
|
What does high WBC and high PMNs tell you?
|
stress demargination
|
|
|
What does high WBC and >5% blasts tell you?
|
leukemia
|
|
|
What does high WBC and B cells tell you?
|
bacterial infection
|
|
|
What does high WBC and bands cells tell you?
|
left shift => have infection
|
|
|
What diseases have high eosinophils?
|
"NAACP"
Neoplasm Addisons disease (no cortisol => relative eosinophillia) Allergy/Asthma Collagen vascular diseases Parasites |
|
|
What diseases have high monocytes (>15%)
give a brief description of each |
"STELS"
Syphillis: chancer, rash, warts TB: hemoptysis, night, sweats EBV: teenager sick for a month Listeria: baby who is sick Salmonella: food poisoning |
|
|
What do high retics (>1%) tell you?
|
RBC being destroyed peripherally
|
|
|
What do low retics (<1%) tell you?
|
bone marrow not working right
(decrease production) |
|
|
Poikilocytosis
|
different shapes
|
|
|
Anisocytosis
|
Different sizes
|
|
|
What is the RBC lifespan?
|
120 days
|
|
|
What is the platelet lifespans?
|
7 days
|
|
|
What does -penia tell you?
what is it usually due to? |
low levels
(usually due to virus or drugs) |
|
|
What does -cytosis tell you?
|
high levels
|
|
|
What does -cythemia tell you?
|
high levels
|
|
|
What is the difference between plasma and serum?
|
plasma: no RBC
serum: no RBC or fibrinogen |
|
|
What is chronic Granulomatous Disease?
deficiency what does this lead to? test |
NADPH oxidase deficiency => recurrent staph/aspergillus infections
(Nitroblue Tetrazolium stain negative) |
|
|
What is Chediak Higashi
pathogenesis |
Lazy lysosome syndrome:
lysosomes are slow to fuse around bacteria. |
|
|
What causes a shift to the right in the Hb?
|
"All CADETs face right"
all are increased (CO2, Acid/Altitude, 2-3 DPG Excercise, Temp) except for pH |
|
|
how does CO poison Hb?
presentation (2) |
Competitive inhibitor of O2 on Hb => cherry-red lips, pinkish skin hue
|
|
|
how does cyanide poison Hb?
presentation |
Non-competative inhibitor of O2 on Hb => almond breath.
|
|
|
What is Met Hb?
|
Hb with Fe3+
(Ferrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+)) |
|
|
What is Acute intermittent Phorphyria?
what are increase (3) presentations (3) |
increase prophyrin, urine delta-ALA, porphobilinogen
=> abdominal pain, neuropathy, red urine |
|
|
What is porphyria cutanea tarda?
presentation test |
sunlight=> skin blisters with porphyrin deposits,
wood's lamp =orange-pink |
|
|
What is erythrocytic protoporphyria?
|
prophria cutanea tarda in babies
|
|
|
What is sickle cell disease?
Hb etiology presentation and when would they have this? protection |
Homozygous HbS: (βglu6-> val)
=> vaso-occlusion, necrosis, dactylitis (painful fingers/toes) at 6 mo protects against malaria |
|
|
What is Sickle cell trait?
Hb presentation occupation |
Heterozygous HbS
=> painless hematuria, sickle with extreme hypoxia (cant be a pilot, fireman, diver) |
|
|
What is MPO deficiency cause?
|
Catalase + infection
|
|
|
Hb C disease:
etiology presentation |
(βglu6 -> lys)
still charged => no sickling |
|
|
What is α-thalassemia?
1 deletion: presentation 2 deletion: presentation 3 deletions: Hb, and presentation 4 deletions: Hb, presentation |
1 deletion: Normal
2 deletion: "trait": microcytic anemia 3 deletions: hemolytic anemia, hb= H = β4 4 deletions: hydrops fetalis, Hb Bart = γ4 |
|
|
β-thalessemia: # of deletions, name, describe, presentation if any
minor: major: |
minor: 1 deletion "β minor": increase Hb A2 and HbF
major: 2 deletions "trait/intermedia/major": only HbA2 and HbF => hypoxia at 6 months |
|
|
cooley's anemia
where is this seen describe presentation |
See with β thalassemia major
(no HbA => excess RBC production) baby making blood from everywhere => frontal bossing hepatosplenomegally, long extremeties |
|
|
What is Virchow's triad?
3 definitions |
thrombosis risk factors:
hypercoagubility "sticky" vessel wall damage "escapes" Turbulent blood flow "slow" |
|
|
What does acute hypoxia cause?
|
shortness of breath
|
|
|
What does chronic hypoxia cause?
|
clubbing of fingers/toes
|
|
|
What is intravascular hemolysis?
what would be decreased and why? |
RBC destroyed in blood vv.
-> low haptoglobin (binds free floating Hb) |
|
|
What is extravascular hemolysis?
why? presentation |
RBC destroyed in spleen
(problem w/ RBC membrane) => splenomegally |
|
|
What enzymes need lead (Pb)?
|
δ-ALA dehydrase
Ferrochelatase |
|
|
What does EDTA bind?
|
X2+
|
|
|
What disease has a smooth philthrum?
|
Fetal alcohol syndrome
|
|
|
What disease has a long philthrum?
|
Williams's
|
|
|
What 2 disease has sausage digits?
|
Pseudo-hypoparathyroidism, psoriatic arthritis
|
|
|
What disease has 6 fingers?
|
Trisomy 13 (patau's syndrome)
|
|
|
What disease has 2-jointed thumbs?
|
Diamond-blackfan
|
|
|
What disease has painful fingers
|
Sickle cell disease
|
|
|
What are the Microcytic Hypochromic anemias?
|
"Fast Lead"
Fe deficiency Anemia of chronic disease Sideroblastic Anemia α-Thalassemia β- Thalassemia Pb poisoning |
|
|
Microcytic Hypochromic anemias:
Fe deficiency what is increased? presentation how does one get it |
increase TIBC,
menses, GI bleed, Koilonychia |
|
|
Microcytic Hypochromic anemias: Anemia of chronic disease
name clue |
anemia of chronic inflammation
decrease TIBC |
|
|
Microcytic Hypochromic anemias: Sideroblastic Anemia
how is it acquired? what is increased/decreased? |
decrease δ-ALA synthase,
blood transfusion |
|
|
Microcytic Hypochromic anemias: α- Thalassemia
who is at risk Ch # |
AA, Asian (Chromosome 16 deletion)
|
|
|
Microcytic Hypochromic anemias: β-Thalassemia
who is at risk Ch # |
Mediterraneans (Chr. 11 point mutation)
|
|
|
What are the Megaloblastic anemias?
|
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Folate deficiency Alcohol |
|
|
Megaloblastic anemias: Vitamin B12 deficiency
name 4 etiologies |
Tapeworms, vegans, type A gastritis, pernicious, anemia
|
|
|
Microcytic Hypochromic anemias: Pb poisoning
what enzyme are decreased? xray diet |
▼δ-ALA dehydrogenase, ▼ ferrochelatase,
x-ray blue line, eating old paint chips |
|
|
Megaloblastic anemias: Folate deficiency
how is it acquired presentation |
Old food
glossitis |
|
|
Megaloblastic anemias: Alcohol
syndrome presentation |
Fetal alcohol syndrome
smooth philthrum, stuff doesn't grow |
|
|
What are the Intravascular Hemolytic anemias?
describe each anitbody? |
IgM
G-6PD deficiency: Sulfa drugs, moth balls, fava beans, sudden drop in Hb Cold autoimmune: mononuclosis, mycoplasma infections, RBC agglutination |
|
|
G-6PD deficiency
type of hemolytic anemia etiology (3) presentation |
intravascular Hemolytic anemias
Sulfa drugs, moth balls, fava beans sudden drop in Hb |
|
|
Intravascular Hemolytic anemias: Cold autoimmune
|
Mononucleosis, mycoplasma infection, RBC agglutination.
|
|
|
What are the 4 Extravascular Hemolytic anemias?
what is the antibody? |
IgG
Spherocytosis Warm autoimmune Paroxysmal cold autoimmune Sickle cell anemia |
|
|
Extravascular Hemolytic anemias: antibody
|
IgG
|
|
|
Extravascular Hemolytic anemias: Spherocytosis
pathogenesis test |
Defective spherin or ankyrin, + osmotic fragility test
|
|
|
Extravascular Hemolytic anemias: Warm autoimmune clues
|
Anti-Rh Ab, dapsone, PTU, anti-malarials, sulfa drugs.
|
|
|
Extravascular Hemolytic anemias: Paroxysmal cold autoimmune clues (2)
|
Bleeds after cold exposure, Donath-Landsteiner Ab
|
|
|
Sickle cell anemia
type of hemolytic anemia x-ray complication presention |
Extravascular Hemolytic anemia
Crew haircut x-ray avascular necrosis of femur short fingers |
|
|
What are the Production anemias?
|
Diamond-Blackfan
Aplastic anemia |
|
|
Production anemias: Diamond-Blackfan clues (2)
|
No RBC, 2-jointed thumbs
|
|
|
Production anemias: Aplastic anemia clues
presentation etiology (5) |
Pancytopenia
autoimmune, benzene, AZT, CAM, radiation |
|
|
What is Basophillic Stippling?
what does it mean? what type of anemia will one see this? |
Lots of immature cells,
↑mRNA (Pb poisoning) |
|
|
Bite cell:
another name for a bite cell what is it? disease |
basket cell
Unstable Hb inclusions (G6-PD deficiency) |
|
|
Where would one see Burr? (3)
another name? |
Echinocyte
Pyruvate kinase deficiency, Liver dz, Post-splenectomy |
|
|
where would one see a Cabot's ring body? (2)
|
Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency, Pb poisoning
|
|
|
What is Doehle body?
|
PMN leukocytosis (infection, steroids, tumor)
|
|
|
Drepanocyte
|
Sickle cell anemia
|
|
|
Helmet cell
what is this what does it mean? where would one see this? (3) |
Fragmented RBC
Hemolysis: DIC, HUS, TTP |
|
|
heinz body
what is it where would one see it? |
Hb precipitates and sticks to cell membranes
(G-6PD deficiency) |
|
|
Howell-jolly body
what is it? where would one see it? (3) |
Spleen or bone marrow should have removed nuclei fragments
hemolytic anemia, spleen trauma, cancer |
|
|
Pappenheimer body
what is it? where would one see it? |
Fe ppt inside cell
(sideroblastic anemia) |
|
|
Pencil cell
another name disease |
cigar cell
Fe deficiency anemia |
|
|
Rouleaux formation
|
multiple myeloma
|
|
|
Schistocyte
what is it? where would one see it? |
Broken RBC
(DIC, artificial heart valves) |
|
|
Sideroblast
what is it? how is it acquired? |
Macrophages pregnant with Fe
(genetic or multiple transfusions) |
|
|
Spherocyte
|
Old RBC
|
|
|
Spur cell
disease another name for this |
Lipid bilayer dz
acanthocyte |
|
|
Stomatocyte is found in what disease?
|
Liver dz
|
|
|
Target cell:
another name for target cell what does it mean? what diseases would one see this? |
Dacrocyte
Less Hb Thallasemias or Fe deficiency |
|
|
Tear drop cell
another name for tear drop cell? where would one see this? (2) |
Dacrocyte
RBC's squeezed out of marrow hemolytic anemia, bone marrow cancer |
|
|
What is a clotting cascade?
|
How you stop bleeding
|
|
|
What do platelet problems cause?
|
Bleeding from skin and mucosa
|
|
|
What do clotting problems cause?
|
bleeding into cavities
|
|
|
What 2 diseases that causes increased PTT and bleeding time?
|
Von willebrand disease and lupus
|
|
|
What is Bernard-Soulier?
|
Baby with bleeding from skin and mucosa, BIG platelets (low GP1b)
|
|
|
what is Glanzmann's
|
Baby with bleeding from skin mucosa ( low GP2b3a)
|
|
|
How dose Factor 13 deficiency present?
|
Umbilical stump bleeding (1st time baby has to stabilize a clot)
|
|
|
What is Factor V leiden?
|
Protein C can't break down Factor 5 => more clots
|
|
|
How does von Willebrand Disease present?
what are the 3 types, describe each which one has a test? |
Presents as heavy menstrual bleeding
Type 1 (AD): ⇩VWF production Type 2 (AD): ⇩ VWB activity ( + Ristocetin aggregation test) Type 3 (AR): No VWF |
|
|
What is Hemophilia A?
|
Defective Factor 8 (< 40% activity) => bleed into cavities (head, abdomen, etc.)
|
|
|
where do Hemophillia bleed?
|
bleed into joints (knee, etc.)
|
|
|
What is Hemophilia B?
|
Factor 9 deficiency => bleed into joints (knee, etc.)
|
|
|
What diseases have low LAP?
|
CML, PNH
|
|
|
What has a high LAP?
|
Leukemoid reaction
|
|
|
What is the difference between acute and chronic leukemias
|
Acute: started in bone marrow, squeezes RBC out of marrow
Chronic: started in periphery, not constrained => will expand |
|
|
What is the difference between myeloid and lymphoid leukemias
what test should be ordered? |
Myeloid: ⇧RBC, WBC, platelets, MP (⇩lymphoid cells) => bone marrow biopsy
Lymphoid : ⇧NK, T, B cells (⇩ myeloid cells) => do lymph node biopsy |
|
|
What defines ALL?
age and sex test (2) |
<15 y/o males, bone pain
PAS stain +, TdT+ |
|
|
What defines AML?
age and sex stain cell presentation |
15-30 y/o males
sudan stain Aure rods |
|
|
What defines CML?
age and sex translocation gene what is increased/decreased? |
30-50 y/o females
t(9,22) "philadelphia chromosome" bcr-abl ⇩LAP |
|
|
What defines CLL?
presentation biopsy |
>50 y/o males with lymphadenopathy
"soccer ball" nuclei and smudge cell |
|
|
What defines Hodgkin's lymphoma?
|
EBV, may have Reed-Sternberg cells
|
|
|
What are the B cell Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas
translocation gene biopsy if any subtypes |
follicular: t(14,18), bcl-2
Burkitt: t(8,14), c-myc, starry sky MP American kids: abdominal mass African kids: jaw mass |
|
|
What are the T cell Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas?
|
Mycosis Fungoides: total body rash
Sezary syndrome: cerebriform cells |
|
|
What is Polycythemia Rubra vera?
what is increased? what is decreased? disease association presentation |
Hct >60%
⇩Epo Budd-chiari plethora and "puritis after bathing" |
|
|
What is Essential Thrombocythemia?
lab stain decreased/increased? |
Very high platelets
stainable Fe ⇩c-mpl |
|
|
Myelofibrosis
cells biopsy presentation |
Megakaryocytes
fibrotic marrow => teardrop cells extramedular hematopoiesis |
|
|
What do plasma neoplasms produce a lot of?
|
antibody
|
|
|
Waldestrom Macroglobulinemia
Ig presentation |
IgM
hyperviscous |
|
|
Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undertermined Significance
|
Old person with gamma spike
|
|
|
Multiple Myeloma
Ig urine peripheral smear x-ray |
Serum M protein (IgG)
urine bence-jones protein rouleaux punched-out lesions |
|
|
Heavy chain Disease
what Ig is increased? |
⇧Ig A
|
|
|
Histocytosis X
(4 clues) |
kid with eczema, skull lesions, diabetes insipidus, exopthalmos
|
|
|
What does the coombs test tell you?
|
Ab involved
|
|
|
What does the direct coombs test tell you?
|
On surface => hemolytic anemias
|
|
|
What does the indirect coombs test tell you?
|
In serum
|
|
|
What is type and cross?
|
You know you can use that blood, save it for specific pt.
|
|
|
What is type and match?
|
type it and wait
|
|
|
What is forward typing?
|
Uses Antibody to detect Ag
"Fabulous" |
|
|
What is backward typing?
|
Uses Ag to detect Antibody
|
|
|
Type A blood
|
Have A antigen
|
|
|
Type AB blood (2)
type of recipient/donor |
have both antigen
universal recipient |
|
|
Type O blood
type of recipient/donor |
have no antigens, universal donor
|
|
|
Rh+
|
Has D antigen
|
|
|
Rh-
|
Does not have D antigen
|
|
|
What is hemolytic disease of the new born
|
Rh- Mom's placeta tears, 100cc baby's blood sees Mom/produces Ab, attacks fetus
|
|
|
What is Rhogam?
|
Anti-D IgG
|
|
|
When do you give rhogam
|
1st dose: 28 week gestation (of 2nd child)
2nd dose: 72 hrs post-delivery (Rh+ baby) |
|
|
What is the most common transplant?
|
blood
|
|
|
Syngenic transplant
|
twin to twin
|
|
|
autograft
|
self to self transplant
|
|
|
allograft
|
human to human transplant
|
|
|
Xenograft
|
1 species to another species
|
|
|
hyperacute rejection
time duration causes |
within 12 hrs
(preformed Ab) |
|
|
Acute rejection
duration cells |
4 days to years later
(T-cells, MP) |
|
|
Chronic rejection
duration due to what? |
>7 days
(Fibroblasts) |
|
|
Graft vs. Host disease
etiology what cells are responsible? |
Bone marrow transplants reject
(Tk, MP) |
|
|
What are immunoprivileged sites?
|
Sites that have no lymphatic flow => no Ag => easy to transplant (brain, cornea, thymus, testes)
|
|
|
What is INR?
|
Measured PT/Control PT
|
