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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What organs have resistance in series? |
liver and kidney
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What organs have resistance in parallel?
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Everything but the liver and kidney
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What organ has the highest difference A-VO₂ at rest?
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heart
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What organ has the highest A-VO2 difference after excercise?
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muscle
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What organ has the highest A-VO₂ difference after meal?
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GI
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What organ has the highest A-VO2 difference during a test?
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brain
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What organ has the lowest A-VO2 difference?
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kidney
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Where does type A thorasic aorta desection occur?
When does this occur? |
ascending aorta; associated with cystic medial necrosis and syphilis
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Where does type B thorasic aorta dissection occur?
When do this occur? |
descending aorta; occurs in trauma and artherosclerosis
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What layers does a true aortic aneurym involve?
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intima, media and adventitia
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What layers does a pseudo aortic aneurysm involve?
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intima and media
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What is pulse pressure?
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Difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure
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What vessel has the thickest layer of smooth muscle?
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aorta
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What vessels have the most smooth muscle?
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arterioles
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What vessel has the largest cross sectional area?
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capillaries
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What vessel has the highest compliance?
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Aorta
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What vessel have the highest capacitance?
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veins and venules
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What is your maximum heart rate?
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220 minus age
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What is stable angina?
What is the MCC? |
pain with excertion associated with artherosclerosis
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What is unstable angina?
What is the MCC? |
pain at rest associated with transient clots
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What is prinzmental's angina?
what is the MCC |
intermittent pain associated with coronary artery spasm
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What stain is used to see amyloidosis?
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congo red exhibiting apple-green bifringence
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What is hemachromatosis and how does it present?
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Iron deposit in organs
Triad: hyperpigmentation, arthritis and DM |
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What would be seen in cardiac tamponade:
chamber pressures vitals, precodium signs (2) |
pressure equalizes in all 4 chambers
quiet precordium no pulse or BP kussmaul's sign pulsus paradoxus (⇩>10 mm Hg with inpiration) |
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What is a Transudate?
What is the MCC? |
Effusion with mostly H₂O either by:
Too much water from heart failure or renal failure Not enough protein in cirrhosis (can't make protein) or nephrotic syndrome. |
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What is a exudate?
What are the different types? |
Effusion with mostly protein:
Prulent (bacteria) Hemorragic (trauma, cancer, PE) Fibrinous (collagen, vascular disease, uremia and TB) Granulomatous (non-bacterial) |
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What is systole?
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Ventricles contract
decrease blood flow to coronary artery more extraction of O₂ (phase 1 Korotkoff) |
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What is diastole?
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Ventricles relax and fill
Increase blood flow to coronary artery less extraction of O₂ (phase 5 of Korotkoff) |
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What are the only arteries with deoxygenated blood?
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pulmonary arteries and umbilical arteries
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What murmur has a waterhammer?
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Aortic Regurgitation
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What murmur has pulsus tardus?
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Aortic Stenosis
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What cardiomyopathy has pulsus alterans?
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dilated cardiomyopathy
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what disease has pulsus bigeminus?
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Idiopathic Hypertropic Subaortic Stenosis (IHSS)
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What murmur has an irregular irregular pulse?
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a-fib
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What murmur has regularly irregular pulse?
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Para-ventricular contractions
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What sounds radiates to the neck?
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Aortic Stenosis
Aortic Regurgitation |
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what sounds radiates to the axilla?
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Mitral Regurgitation
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what sounds radiates to the back?
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Pulmonic Stenosis
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What disease has boot-shaped x-ray?
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right ventricular hyperthropy
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What disease has bananna shaped x-ray?
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Idiopathic Hypertropic Subaortic Stenosis (IHSS)
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What disease has egg shaped x-ray?
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transposition of great arteries
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What disease has a snowman shaped x-ray
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total anomalous pulmonary venous return
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What disease has a "3" shaped x-ray?
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coarctation of the aorta
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What is osler-weber-rendu?
What does this lead to? |
AVM in lung, gut and CNS ⇨ sequester platelets ⇨ telangiectasias
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What is Von Hippel-Lindau?
What cancer is associated with it? |
AVM in Head, retina ⇨ renal cell CA risk
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When do valves make noise?
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when valves close
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What valves make noise at the start of systole?
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mitral and tricuspid (S1)
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What murmurs occur during systole?
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Holosystolic/pansystolic (MR, TR, VSD)
Ejection murmur or click (AS, PS, HCM) |
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What valves makes noise at the start of diastole?
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aortic and pulmonic (S2)
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Describe the diastolic murmurs?
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blowing (AR and PR)
rumbling (MS and TS) |
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What murmurs are continuous?
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PDA or AVMs
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What has a friction rub while breathing?
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pleuritis
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What has friction rub while holding breath?
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pericarditis
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What does a mid systolic click tell you?
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mitral valve prolapse
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What does an ejection click tell you?
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A/P stenosis
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What does an opening snap tell you?
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M/T stenosis
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What does S₂ splitting tell you?
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Normal on inspiration (b/c pulmonic valve closes later)
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What does wide S₂ splitting tell you?
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⇧O2
⇧Right ventricular volume delayed pulmonic valve opening |
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What does fixed wide S₂ splitting tell you?
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ASD
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What does paradoxial S₂ splitting tell you?
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AS or left bundle branch block
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What is cor pulmonale?
What does it lead to? |
pulmonary HTN which leads to RV failure
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What is eisenmenger's?
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pulmonary HTN that leads to reverse L-R to R-L shunts
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What causes transposition of the great arteries?
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articopulmonary septum did not spiral
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What is Teralogy of Fallot?
What is prognostic? |
"PROVe"
Pulmonary stenosis (prognostic) Right ventricular hyperthropy Overriding aorta Ventricular septal defect |
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What is truncus arterious?
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spiral membrane did not developed (neural crest origin), which lead to one A/P trunk (mixed blood)
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What is ebstein's anomaly?
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Tricuspid sits very low (large right atria)
Teratogenic effect of Li |
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What is cinchonism?
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hearing loss
tinnitus thrombocytopenia |
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What are the cyanotic heart diseases?
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Transposition of the great arteries
Tetralogy of Fallot Truncus arteriosus Tricuspid, aortic and pulmonic atresias Total anomalous pulmonary venous return Hypoplastic left heart syndrome Epstein's anomaly |
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What causes a machine-like murmur?
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AVMs
Heart: PDA Elbow: dialysis fistula Brain: Von Hippel-Lindau Lungs: Osler-Weber-Rendu |
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What are the heart block clues?
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Pain with a normal heart rate
Fever with a normal heart rate (should increase by 10 bpm for every degree increase in temperature) |
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What ion is important for the P-wave?
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Calcium
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What ion is important for the QRS complex?
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Sodium
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What ion is important for the ST interval?
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Calcium
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What ion is important for the T-wave?
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Potassium
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What ion is important for the U-wave?
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Potassium
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What are the most common non-cyanotic congenital heart diseases?
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VSD
ASD PDA Coarctation of the aorta |
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What are the MI enzymes?
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Troponin 1
CKMB LDH |
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When does troponin 1 appear, peak, and disappear after an MI?
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Appears 2 hrs
Peaks 2 days Gone 1 week |
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When does CKMB appear, peak, and disappear after an MI?
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Appears 6 hrs
Peaks 12 hrs Gone 2 days |
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When does LDH appear, peak, and disappear after an MI?
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Appears 1 day
Peaks 2 days Gone 3 days |
