Power Of Logic

Front 1

logic

Back 1

study of methods for evaluating whether the premises of an argument adequately support (provide good evidence for) its conclusion.

Front 2

argument

Back 2

set of statements where some of the statements (premises) are intended to support another (conclusion)

Front 3

statement

Back 3

declarative sentence that is either true or false

Front 4

deductive argument

Back 4

premises are intended to guarantee the conclusion

Front 5

inductive argument

Back 5

premises are intended to make the conclusion probable, without guaranteeing it

Front 6

Deductive logic

Back 6

study of methods for evaluating whether the premises of an argument guarantee its conclusion

Front 7

inductive logic

Back 7

study of methods for evaluating whether the premises of an argument make its conclusion probable, without guaranteeing it

Front 8

valid argument

Back 8

if the premises are true then the conclusion is true

Front 9

invalid argument

Back 9

it is NOT necessary that if the premises are true then the conclusion is true

Front 10

sound argument

Back 10

is a valid argument in which all of the premises are true

Front 11

unsound argument

Back 11

either is invalid or has at least 1 false premise

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argument form

Back 12

pattern of reasoning

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modus ponens

Back 13

1. if A, then B
2. A
3. So, B

-A and B are variables

Front 14

substitution instance

Back 14

argument that results from uniformly replacing the variables in that form with statements (or terms)

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valid argument form

Back 15

every substitution instance is a valid argument

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formally valid argument

Back 16

one that is valid in virtue of its form

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conditional statement

Back 17

is an if then statement

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antecedent

Back 18

the if part of the conditional statement

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consequent

Back 19

the then part of the conditional statement

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what else introduces a conditional statement

Back 20

only if

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modus tollens

Back 21

the mode of removing:
1. if A, then B.
2. Not B
3. So Not A

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negation

Back 22

the denial of a statement

Front 23

hypothetical syllogism

Back 23

1. if A, then B
2. If B, then C.
3. So if A, then C

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disjunction

Back 24

is an "either-or" statement

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disjunctive syllogism

Back 25

1. Either A or B OR 1. Either A or B
2. Not A 2. Not B
3. So B 3. So A

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"OR"

Back 26

inclusive

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constructive dilemma

Back 27

1. Either A or B
2. If A, then C
3. If B, then D
4. So either C or D

Front 28

invalid argument form

Back 28

one that has some invalid substitution instances

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counterexample

Back 29

substitution instance in which the premises are true and the conclusion is false

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good counterexample

Back 30

substitution instance the premises are well-known truths and the conclusion is a well-known falsehood

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what is the difference between modus ponens and fallacy of affirming the consequent?

Back 31

The 3rd in modus ponens is So B, BUT in affirming the consequent the 3rd is So A

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term

Back 32

word or phrase that stands for a class of things

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standard form

Back 33

conditional statement is "if A, then B"

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Excess verbiage

Back 34

word or statement that adds nothing to the argument

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discount

Back 35

acknowledgment of a fact or possibility that might be thought to render the argument invalid, weak, unsound, or uncogent

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rhetorical elements

Back 36

elements in an argument that increase its psychological persuasiveness without affecting its validity, strength, soundeness, or cogency

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repetition

Back 37

restatement of a premise or conclusion, perhaps with slightly altered wordling

Front 38

assurance

Back 38

statement, word, or phrase that indicates that the author is confident of a premise or inference

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hedge

Back 39

statement, word, or phrase that indicates that the arguer is tentative about a premise or inference

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enthymeme

Back 40

argument with an implicit premise or conclusion

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well crafted arguement

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argument that is stated in such a way that its important logical features are explicit

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atomic statement

Back 42

one that does not have any other statement as a component

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compound statement

Back 43

one that has at least one atomic statement as a component

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main logical operator

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in a compound statement is the one that governs the largest component or components of a compound statement

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minor logical operator

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governs smaller components

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well formed formula (WFF)

Back 46

grammatically correct symbolic experession

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statement variable

Back 47

lowercase letter that serves as a placeholder for any statement

Front 48

Operators:
~
.
v
-->
<-->

Back 48

not negation
and conjunction
or disjunction
if-then conditional
if and only if biconditional