Poverty-Consequences For Children, Test #2 Pps

Front 1

Effects of age timing of poverty

Back 1

Affects child outcomes at 0-8 years more than later. Affects are more profound in terms o cognitive development, academic progress, and adult employment.

Front 2

Effects of duration of poverty

Back 2

Chronic poverty reduces IQ by 3/4 of standard deviation (from 100 to 85)

Front 3

Pre-post PRWORA changes in:
child poverty rates, TANF caseloads, workparents in poverty, shifts in the economy:
1996-2000

Back 3

1996-2000: Strong economy; reduced caseloads by 50%, 17& less poverty for kids

Front 4

Pre-post PRWORA changes in:
child poverty rates, TANF caseloads, workparents in poverty, shifts in the economy: 2002-2003

Back 4

Recession; kids in poverty up 5-10%; working parents in poverty up 34-42%

Front 5

Weakness of quasi-experimental/time series approaches

Back 5

Cannot omit third variables

Front 6

Random assignment

Back 6

Omits third variables by theoretically distributing them uniformly across all groups

Front 7

Early studies (1960s-70s)

Back 7

Randomly assigned families to welfare, or other modest income supplements

Front 8

Early studies (1960s-70s) effects

Back 8

Spent more money on better housing; enhanced child outcomes; increased child high school graduation rates; increased child's highest education level attained

Front 9

Early Studies (1960s-70s) Limitations

Back 9

Effects were small and inconsistent across studies; participants knew about the study ad which group they were in; limited child outcome measures

Front 10

Later Studies (1980s-90s)- precursor to and basis for TANF

Back 10

Added work requirements, wage supplements, can go above ?

Front 11

Later Studies (1980s-90s)- precursor to and basis for TANF- Short-term and long-term effects

Back 11

Better social/behavioral adjustment; better academic achievement; higher child-reported academic motivation

Front 12

Central Question: Is the source of income important for child development, or is it just sufficient income regardless of its source?

Back 12

Compile data for possible essay question.

Front 13

Arguments about the effects of "welfare" of old AFDC program

Back 13

1. Out of mainstream self-sufficiency
2. Children lack positive models and exposed to welfare sustaining models
3. Reduced expectations for children- education and work
4. Negatively viewed by others
5. Have more children even if they cannot be supported?

Front 14

What do the data say about the effects of welfare on old AFDC programs?

Back 14

1. The source of income is not too important- during childhood only income matters, regardless of the source
2. Depends on the age of the child- source becomes important during adolescence and later adulthood
3. Source does impact adult adjustment and life choices- welfare kid recipients more likely to bear children as teens, go on public assistance

Front 15

Summary: Longitudinal and Experimental Studies of Poverty- Children leading to PRWORA

Back 15

1. Absolute family income makes a difference on child outcomes, especially early on whether cash or non-cash, work or monetary transfers
2. Persisting, depp poverty has pervasive and long-lasting negative effects in terms of self-suffiency
3. Non-contingent cash tranfers (AFDC) may have negative effects
4. Resources in addition to income are needed to promote good child outcomes- Increased income does NOT insure adequate child rearing and quality of parenting and child care.
5. Adequate or better income does NOT insure adequate child rearing
6. Measuring parenting: HOME environment scale; some findings?