Poultry Enteric Diseases

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This is a common disease of chickens but less common in Turkeys that occurs under warm, humid conditions.

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Coccidiosis

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most economically significant intestinal
disease of poultry

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coccidiosis

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coccidiosis causes four main issues:

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1. decreased nutrient absorbtion
2. dehydration
3. blood loss anemia
4. increased susceptibility to secondary infections

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Describe coccidial diarrhea in chickens and turkeys.

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Chickens- mucoid or bloody
Turkeys - rarely bloody

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Coccidia: Proximal one-third intestine (duodenum)

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E. acervulina

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Middle one-third of intestine (jej)

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E. necatrix
E. maxima

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Caudal third of intestine (cecum and colon)

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E. tenella
E. burnetti

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Coccidia: Describe the difference in mucosa in the proximal two thirds and distal two thirds.

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Prox. 2/3 - petechiae, grey to white plaque-like exudate
Distal 2/3 - mucosal erosions/ulcers with hemorrhagic or finbrinonecrotic plaque

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Necrosis of cecae and liver.

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Histomoniasis

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Most economically significant disease of turkeys

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Histomoniasis

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Histomoniasis is a disease of what species generally?

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Turkeys

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"Blackhead"

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Histomoniasis

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3 routes of infection of Histomoniasis:

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1. ingestion of cecal worm eggs containing larvae
2. ingestion of earthworms containing cecal worm larvae
3. Ingestion of fresh feces

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Histomoniasis - which worm related?

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Cecal worm - Heterakais gallinarum

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yellow sulfur colored feces

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Histomoniasis

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target lesions in liver

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Histomoniasis

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Bilateral enlargement of cecae with caseous cecal cores

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Histomoniasis

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M/M in Histomoniasis?

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high M/M

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Chickens and histomoniasis?

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Chickens only mild disease, remain carriers.

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Raised caseous lesions in mouth, pharynx, esophagus and crop.

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Trichomoniasis

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etiologic agent of trichomoniasis?

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Trichomonas gallinae

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Trichomoniasis is doves/pigeons?
In falcons?

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Canker
Frounce

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Raised yellow caseous plaques in upper GI

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Trichomoniasis

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Thrush affects what age group?

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Young birds < 3 months

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Sour crop

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Thrush (candidiasis)

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white circular raised plaques with pseudomembranes covering foci in crop

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Thrush

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Can get proventricular hemorrhage with this disease

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Thrush

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Ingluvitis occurs with this disease.
Bonus: what else causes ingluvitis?

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Thrush
Bonus: Cropworm - capillaria spp.

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Hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys - what virus?

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Adenovirus Type II

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What age group does HE of turkeys affect?

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4-12 weeks old

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Subclinical form of HE has what result?

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Enlarged, mottled spleen

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1st sign often sudden deaths

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Hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys

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Blood adhered to feathers next to vent

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HE of turkeys

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small intestine distended filled with bloody fluid with thin layer of fibrin on mucosa.

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HE of turkeys

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Intranuclear inclusion bodies in spleen and intestine.

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HE of turkeys

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Marbled spleen disease in pheasants

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Hemorrhagic enteritis

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Fowl pox has a high mortality in what birds?

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Canaries and blue-fronted amazons

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cannibalism and mosquito vector are two important transmission mechanisims of this disease.

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fowl pox

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T or F
Recovery from Fowl Pox results in long-term immunity.

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True

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What are the two forms of pox virus?

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Wet (diptheritic) and cutaneous

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slightly elevated, white to opaque plaques & nodules
• nodules often coalesce to form caseous diphtheritic
membranes
• lesions extend from the infraorbital sinuses to the
pharynx and larynx
– often involve the esophagus

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Fowl pox, diptheritic form

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characteristic eosinophilic intracytoplasmic
inclusion bodies (Bollinger bodies) in proliferative epithelium

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Fowl pox

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AKA necrotic enteritis (NE)

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Clostridium Perfringens Type A or C

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What toxins do Clostridium Perfringens produce?

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Type A & C produce alpha toxin
Type C produces beta toxin

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Birds are often found dead without previous signs.

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Clostridium enteritis

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hemorrhage is NOT a prominant feature of this intestinal disease that causes gas distension of the jej and ileum.

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Clostridium perfringens

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jej and ileum mucosal surface covered by a yellow-tan pseudomembrane

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Clostridium perfringens

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What are the four diseases caused by Salmonella?

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1. Pullorum disease
2. Fowl typhoid
3. Paratyphoid
4. Arizonosis

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Bacillary white diarrhea

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Pallorum disease

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Pullorum disease caused by:

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Salmonella enterica ss. enterica serovar Pullorum

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blindness caused by uveitis with intraocular exudate

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Pullorum disease
Fowl typhoid?

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older birds have hepatosplenomegaly and bile-stained liver

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Fowl typhoid

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Which salmonella infections involve a motile species?

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Paratyphoid (usually typhimurium) and Arizonosis

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Which salmonella infections are zoonotic?

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Paratyphoid and Arizonosis

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Which salmonella infections are reportable?

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Paratyphoid and pullorum disease

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Where do paratyphoid organisms frequently colonoize?

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gall bladder

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profuse diarrhea with passing of vents

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paratyphoid

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omphalitis

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paratyphoid

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fowl typhoid caused by:

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S. gallinarum

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lesions suggest a septicemia in this salmonella infection

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Paratyphoid

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Arizonosis caused by:

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Salmonella arizonae

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Arizonosis is most common in which poultry?

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Turkeys

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T or F
Arizonosis is rarely seen in adults.

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True

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presumptive diagnosis of arizonosis can be based on a
combination of the following in poults

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1. high mortality
2. neurologic signs
3. blindness