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140 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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What is the causative agent for Chronic Respiratory Disease? |
Mycoplasma gallisepticum |
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Chronic Respiratory Disease: - Clinical signs? - Incubation period? - Route of infection? |
CS: - Flu (ocular/nasal discharge, cough) - Egg drop - Dark, congested combs, reluctant to move Incubation period: - 6-10d (slow spread) Route of infection: - Respiratory or direct or vertical |
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Chronic Respiratory Disease: - Major PM findings? - Diagnosis? |
PM findings: - Air sacculitis - Pericarditis & perihepatitis/fibrinous inflammation (with E. Coli- predisposed to secondary infection) Diagnosis: - CS, gross pathology, serology (sufficient time for Ab response), hard to isolate pathogen, PCR = BEST METHOD |
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What should come to mind when you see a fibrinous inflammatory response on PM in a chicken? |
- E. Coli - Salmonella |
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Chronic Respiratory Disease: - Treatment - Prevention |
Treatment: - CTC 60mg/kg Prevention: - Vaccination - Flock from negative donor flocks - All-in all-out - Routine serological surveillance - Biosecurity |
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What is the causative agent of Colibacillosis? |
E. Coli |
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Colibacillosis: - Clinical signs? - Incubation period? - Route of infection? |
CS: - Coughing sneezing - Depression and decr appetite - Navel infection Incubation period: - 3-5d Route of infection: - Oral, inhalation or vertical (egg) |
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Colibacillosis: - PM findings? - Diagnosis? |
PM: - Sacculitis - Fibrinous inflammation (pericarditis, perihepatitis, peritonitis) - Omphalitis Diagnosis: - CS, gross pathology (treat based on this) THEN culture & serotype |
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Colibacillosis: - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Treatment - Cull affected birds - Fix ventilation & temp balance, environment Prevention- MANAGEMENT: - Good hygiene (breeder farm, farm level) - Good sanitation feed/water - Good shed ventilation/temp balance |
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What is the causative agent of Newcastle Disease? |
Avian paramyxovirus type I |
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Newcastle Disease: - Clinical signs? - Characteristics? - Route of infection? |
CS: - DEATH - Respiratory (coughing, dyspnoea) - Nervous (star gazing, paralysis, twisted neck) - Reproductive (egg drop, moult) - Diarrhoea Characteristics: - Highly contagious - Persists up to a yr in environment Route of infection: - Aerosols, direct, fomites, visitors - NOT vertical but poor hatchery hygiene
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Newcastle Disease: - PM findings? - Diagnosis? |
PM: - Sacculitis - Tracheitis - Necrotic plaques in PROVENTRICULUS, intestine, caecal tonsils Diagnosis: - CS, gross pathology - Serological titres - Virus isolation |
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Newcastle Disease: - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Treatment: - None (scorched earth) Prevention: - Vaccination (breeders, day old chicks) - All in all out - Biosecurity - Pest control - Hygiene |
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What is the causative organism of Infectious Bronchitis? |
Infectious Bronchitis Virus (coronavirus) |
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Infectious Bronchitis Virus: - Clinical signs? - Characteristics? - Route of infection? |
CS: - Flu (depression, huddling, loss of appetite, coughing, gasping, dyspnoea) - Wet litter, diarrhoea - EGG: Egg drop, poor egg shell quality (wrinkled), watery whites Characteristics: - Highly contagious - Incubation period 18-36hrs Route of infection: - Conjunctiva/URT - Aerosols, direct, fomites |
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Infectious Bronchitis Virus: - PM findings? - Diagnosis? |
PM: - Mild to moderate resp tract inflammation (tracheal oedema, tracheitis, air sacculitis) - Cheesy plugs in bronchi & trachea - Urinary form: kidneys swollen, ureters may contain urate crystals (look like brain) Diagnosis: - CS & gross pathology - Rising serological titres - Virus isolation |
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Infectious Bronchitis Virus: - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Treatment: - Manage secondary infections Prevention: - Vaccination - Shed environment management |
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What is the causative organism of Infectious Laryngotracheitis? |
Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (herpesvirus) |
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Infectious Laryngotracheitis: - CS? - Characteristics? - Route of infection? |
CS: - Chickens 5wks & older (maternal Abs) - Respiratory difficulties, gasping - Coughing up mucus & blood* - Egg drop - Ocular & nasal discharge, sinusitis - OLDER CHICKS COUGHING UP BLOOD Characteristics: - Incubation period 4-21d - High mortality - Stress triggers - Can be carried in wild birds & persists in environment - Long term carrier status Route of infection: - Conjunctiva/URT/oral - Slow lateral spread via aerosols, birds, fomites |
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Infectious Laryngotracheitis: - Major PM findings? - Diagnosis? |
PM: - Severe laryngotracheitis - Bloody mucus plugs Diagnosis: - CS, gross & histopathology - Virus isolation |
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Infectious Laryngotracheitis: - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Treatment: - None - Manage secondary infections Prevention: - Vaccinate >4wks - Quarantine/biosecurity - AI/AO - Keep susceptible stock separate from vaccinated or recovered birds |
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What is the causative organism of Avian Influenza (Fowl Plague)? |
HP Avian Influenza- orthomyxovirus type A |
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Avian Influenza: - CS? - Characteristics? - Route of infection? |
CS: - Sudden death - Egg drop - Flu (coughing, nasal/ocular discharge) - Diarrhoea (green) - Nervous signs (paralysis) - Swollen face - Cyanosis of combs and wattles (BLACK WATTLES) Characteristics: - LPAI tries to become HPAI (passage through chicks) - Incubation period: 3 - 5days - Wild birds Route of infection: - Oral, conjunctival, respiratory
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Avian Influenza: PM findings? Diagnosis? |
PM: - Air saculitis, tracheitis, sinusitis, conunctivitis - Ovarian regression/haemorrhage - Necrosis comb/wattle skin - SC OEDEMA head and neck - Dehydration/muscle congestion - Haemorrhage in PROVENTRICULUS (ddx: NDV), gizzard, LN Diagnosis: - Clinical signs & gross pathology - Virus isolation |
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Avian influenza: Treatment? Prevention? |
Treatment: - None Prevention: - Hygiene - Quarantine/biosecurity (wild birds)
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Causative agent of Infectious Coryza? |
Avibacterium paragallinarium |
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Infectious Coryza: - CS? - Characteristics? - Route of infection? |
CS: - Catarrhal inflammation of URT - Swelling of face & wattles - Flu (sneezing, dyspnoea, ocular & nasal discharge) - Loss in condition & reduced appetite - Egg drop - High morbidity, low mortality Characteristics: - Highly infectious but only affects chickens - Incubation period 1-3d, disease course 2-3d - Whole flock will fall in 10d - Will survive several days outside - Easily killed by heat, drying, disinfectants Route of infection: - Conjunctiva or nasal - Aerosols, direct, fomites |
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Infectious Coryza: - PM? - Diagnosis? |
PM: - Conjunctivitis, adherence of eyelids - Cheesy material in conjunctiva/sinus (NOT seen in NDV/AI) Diagnosis: - CS & lesions - Culture |
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Infectious Coryza: - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Treatment: - CTC 60mg/kg Prevention: - Get from Coryza free stock - AI/AO - Vaccination |
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Causative agent of Aspergillosis? |
Aspergillus spp (fumigatus or flavus) |
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Aspergillosis: - CS? - Characteristics? - Route of infection? |
CS: - GASPERS - Neurological signs (rare) - Illthrifty, weak, inappetant Characteristics: - <3wks of age Route of infection: - Inhalation of spores - Spores into egg |
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Aspergillosis: - PM findings? - Diagnosis? |
PM findings: - Yellow-grey nodules or cheesy plaques in resp tract (lungs, air sacs, trachea) - Cheesy plaques in peritoneal cavity - Conjunctivitis, keratitis - +/- brain lesions Diagnosis: - Histopath & gross pathology - Culture |
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Aspergillosis: - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Treatment: - None- cull Prevention: - Hygiene |
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What is the causative organism of Coccidiosis? |
Eimeria species (protozoa) |
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Coccidiosis: - CS? - Characteristics? - Route of infection? |
Clinical signs: - Bloody droppings, diarrhoea, wet litter - Reduced weight gain - Depression - Incr FCR Characteristics: - Incubation period 4-6d - Host specific- chickens only Route of infection: - Faecal to oral
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Coccidiosis: - PM findings? - Diagnosis? |
PM: - Dependent on species (antmb = upper, middle, lower, middle, lower) - Enteritis Diagnosis: - CS, gross & histopath - Isolate oocysts from scrapings |
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Coccidiosis: - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Treatment: - Toltrazuril/Amprolium (coccidial products) Prevention: - Hygiene/shed management - In-feed coccidiostats (monensin, salinomycin, narasin) - Shuttle or rotation programs- coccidial agents - Controlled exposure in pullets - Vaccination (Paracox) |
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Briefly describe where in the GIT the different Eimeria (coccidiosis) spp affect? - E. acervulina - E. necatrix - E. tenella - E. maxima - E. brunetti |
- E. acervulina: upper intestines (duodenal third of SI) - E. necatrix: mid intestine- jejunum - E. tenella: lower intestine- caecum - E. maxima: mid intestine - E. brunetti: lower intestine- caecum & LI & cloaca (white cheese material- DDx necrotic enteritis) |
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What is the causative organism of Necrotic Enteritis? |
Clostridium perfringens |
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Necrotic Enteritis: - CS? - Predisposing factors? - Route of infection? |
CS: - Depressed, ruffled feathers, reluctant to move, eyes closed - Dark coloured diarrhoea - Decr growth rates, incr FCR - Sudden death in ducks Predisposing factors: - Coccidiosis - High protein diet** - High viscosity diet (wheat) - Other concurrent disease opportunist Route of infection: - Faecal oral
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Necrotic Enteritis: - PM findings? - Diagnosis? |
PM: - Fibrin-necrotic enteritis of jejunum (diphtheritic membrane) - Enterotoxaemia Diagnosis: - History, gross pathology - Gram stain (abundant rods) - Response to tx |
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Necrotic Enteritis: - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Treatment: - Zinc bacitracin, penicillin (amoxicillin in water) Prevention: - Maintain gut health - Ionophores - In feed AB growth promotants |
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What is the causative organism of Haemorrhagic Enteritis? |
Type II adenovirus |
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Haemorrhagic Enteritis: - CS? - Characteristics? - Route of infection? |
CS: - Sudden death - Blood from vent of moribund birds - Drop in feed & water consumption - D+ in 7wk old turkeys - Immunosuppression (--> coccidiosis and resp disease) Characteristics: - Turkeys - Infection laterally spread (oral) - Survives months in frozen faeces & weeks in contaminated litter Route of infection: - Oral |
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Haemorrhagic Enteritis: - PM findings? - Diagnosis? |
PM: - Petechial haemorrhage in range of organs - Intestines distended with blood - Mottled & enlarged spleen Diagnosis: - CS & PM lesions - Gut contents (= reproduction of disease) - Serology |
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Haemorrhagic Enteritis: - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Treatment: - None - Manage secondary infections (CTC), supportive TLC Prevention: - Antiserum from recovered flocks - Autogenous vaccines (spleen) - Disinfect house, rest for 3-4wks - Biosecurity, hygiene |
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What is the causative organism of Blue Comb Disease in turkeys? |
Corona virus (CV enteritis) |
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Corona Virus Enteritis: - CS? - Characteristics? - Route of infection? |
CS: - Wet droppings - Darkening of head & skin - Inappetance, weight loss, depression - Egg drop, chalky egg shells - Recovered birds prone to crop mycosis - Prone to secondary infections Characteristics: - Turkeys, all ages Route of infection: - Oral (faeces/environment)
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Corona Virus Enteritis: - PM findings? - Diagnosis? |
PM: - GI: entire villous wiped out - Watery & gaseous contents, gelatinous mucosa Diagnosis: - CS, PM lesions - Isolation of virus from gut contents - Fluorescence to ID Abs in intestines |
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Corona Virus Enteritis: - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Treatment: - None - Supportive, CTC for secondary infections - Depopulate/repopulate, premise empty >1m - Thorough cleaning/disinfection Prevention: - Biosecurity & hygiene |
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What is the causative organism of Spirochaetes? |
Brachyspira spp |
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Spirochaetes: - CS? - Characteristics? - Route of infection? |
CS: - Caramel coloured droppings, wet litter - Delayed onset of lay - Decr egg production, DIRTY EGGS, reduced egg weights - Pasty vents - Reduced weight gain Characteristics: - All ages - Smell/fly issues - Wild birds Route of infection: - Oral (faeces, environment) |
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Spirochaetes: - PM findings? - Diagnosis? |
PM: - Infection of caeca- typhilitis Diagnosis: - Culture (best, but slow), PCR |
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Spirochaetes: - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Treatment: - ABs (Zinc bacitracin in feed, tiamulin, lincomycin) Prevention: - Gut health management - Xylanase enzymes in feed (assist reducing colonisation) - Control of wild birds & rodents - Hygiene |
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What is litter intended for? |
- Absorb water - Dilute faecal material to minimise contact between bird & manure - Provide temperature insulation from cold concrete floors |
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What conditions can wet litter lead to? |
- Breast blisters - Hock & footpad burns - Coccidiosis |
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List the factors that influence water intake/deposition rates |
- Anti-nutritional factors (eg. cereals, excess inclusion of lupids, rancid oils & fats) - Toxins (mycotoxins) - Pathogens (disease) - Water quality issues (incr TDS- <1000ppm; excess Fe & Mn = drop intake; nitrates; microbial contamination; oxidation reduction potential- higher = better disinfection, low = biofilm; pH- above 8 = bitter |
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What are some steps that can be taken to promote general gut health in chickens? |
- Clean & disinfect between batches (AI-AO) - Remove biofilm from drinker line & maintain quality - Farm biosecurity at shed door (foot baths, hand sanitiser) - Ensure birds are started well - Good parent flock nutrition & health - Avoid excess temp at hatch & tranport - Minimise chilling stress in colder months - Get the feed right!!!!! - Probiotics, prebiotics, immune stimulants, acids - Be careful with phytase overuse |
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Explain what to do if litter begins to cake |
- Improve ventilation - Maintain relative humidity <70% - Work litter with rotary hoe (but incr risk of Aspergillosis & Colibacillosis) |
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What is the causative organism of Marek's Disease? |
Herpes Virus |
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Marek's Disease: - CS? - Characteristics? - Route of infection? |
CS: - Neurological (floppy broiler syndrome- paralysis of legs, wings, neck; eye lesions/vision impairment; THICKENING OF NERVES, striations disappear) - Visceral (tumours of organs, weight loss) - Cutaneous (tumours of feather follicles- raised & roughened skin) Characteristics: - Young - 40wks - Mortality 100% - Survives in environment 65wks - Infected for life - Mainly chickens, rarely turkeys Route of infection: - Highly contagious - Resp/aerosol involving infective feather-follicle dander, fomites etc |
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Marek's Disease: - PM findings? - Diagnosis? |
PM: - Grey-white lesions of abdominal organs, skeletal muscle & cardiac muscle, gonads - Thickening of nerve, loss of striation Diagnosis: - CS & PM |
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Marek's Disease: - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Treatment: - None- cull Prevention: - Hygiene - AI/AO - Vaccination for resistant strains at day old - genetics (incr frequency of B21 gene = incr resistance) |
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What is the causative organism of Infectious Bursal Disease? |
Birnavirus Aka Gumboro Virulent/subvirulent strains not in Aust- EAD |
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Infectious Bursal Disease: - CS? - Characteristics? - Route of infection? |
CS: - Depression, inappetance - Unsteady gait - Huddling under equipment - Vent pecking/cannibalism - D+ (urates in mucus) Characteristics: - Severe immunosuppression (knocks out Bursa of Fabricus) - Highly contagious, persists for months - Mealworms & littermites can harbour for 8wks Route of infection: - Oral |
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Infectious Bursal Disease: - PM findings? - Diagnosis? |
PM: - Oedematous bursa, will then proceed to atrophy - Haemorrhages in skeletal muscle - Dehydration - Swollen kidneys with urates Diagnosis: - Hx, lesions, histopath - Serology/virus isolation |
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Infectious Bursal Disease: - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Treatment: - None- cull - ABs for secondary infection Prevention: - Vaccination (breeders and progeny) - Hygiene & biosecurity |
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What is the causative organism of Fowl Pox? |
Poxvirus |
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Fowl Pox: - CS? - Characteristics? - Route of infection? |
CS: - Cutaneous (dry)- scabby lesions of head, neck, legs, feet- non-feathered - Diphtheritic (wet)- lesions resulting in resp difficulty & ocular, nasal discharge, obstructive lesions - Egg drop Characteristics: - Slow spread - High morbidity, mortality up to 50% Route of infection: - Biting insects (mosquitoes) & skin damage |
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Fowl Pox: - PM? - Diagnosis? |
PM: - Papules progressing to pustules then scabs Diagnosis: - CS |
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Fowl Pox: - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Treatment: - TLC Prevention: - Vaccination (wing scratch) - Insect control |
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What is the causative organism of Infectious Synovitis? |
Mycoplasma synoviae |
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Infectious Synovitis: - CS? - Characteristics? - Route of infection? |
CS: - LAMENESS, swelling of hocks, shanks, feet. DDx = bumble foot - Inappetance, ruffled feathers - Faeces may be green - Runted birds numerous Characteristics: - Infects joints, tendon sheaths, possibly AIR SACS, ovaries & sinuses - Survival in environment poor Route of infection: - Conjunctiva, URT - Direct contact, aerosols, vertical |
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Infectious Synovitis: - PM findings? - Diagnosis? |
PM: - Nil Diagnosis: - Lesions - Serology - PCR (preferred) |
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Infectious Synovitis: - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Treatment: - CTC, tilmicosin (not in Aust for birds), tylosin Prevention: - Purchase of MS free chicks - AI/AO - Good biosecurity with strict isolation - Vaccines not widely used |
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What is the causative organism of Fowl Cholera? |
Pasteurella multocida |
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Fowl Cholera: - CS? - Characteristics? - Route of infection? |
CS: - Depression, ruffled feathers, loss of appetite - D+ - Flu (coughing, nasal, ocular & oral discharge) - Swollen face & cyanotic wattles (DDx Coryza, Avian Influenza) - Sudden death quite common (septicaemic) - Swollen joints, lameness Characteristics: - >6wks age - Free range systems- incr contacts with outside birds/rodents - Easily destroyed by disinfection - Incubation period 5-8d - Highly contagious Route of infection: - Oral (ingestion)/nasal (inhalation) - Wild animals (rodents, cats)
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Fowl Cholera: - PM findings? - Diagnosis? |
PM findings: - Sometimes none - Enteritis, peritonitis, hepatitis - Purulent pneumonia - Cellulitis of face & wattles - Purulent arthritis - Lungs with consolidated pink "cooked" appearance Diagnosis: - Pathology - Impression smears & bacterial isolation - Culture = best |
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Fowl Cholera: - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Treatment: - CTC @60mg/kg- long term or periodic - Follow with water then in-feed Prevention: - Avoid predisposing factors (high density, concurrent infections) - Biosecurity - Rodent control & hygiene - Vaccination |
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What is the causative organism of Chick Anaemia Virus? |
Circovirus |
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Chick Anaemia Virus: - CS? - Characteristics? - Route of infection? |
CS: - None in parent flock - ~2wks = mortality - Anaemia, aplasia of bone marrow (pathognomonic) - Atrophy of thymus, spleen, bursa (secondary infection) - Haemorrhages under skin Characteristics: - Maternal Abs provide adequate protection - Immunosuppressive --> infections Route of infection: - Vertical - Some horizontal (chicks not adequately protected) |
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Chick Anaemia Virus: - PM findings? - Diagnosis? |
PM: - Anaemia, aplasia of bone marrow (pathognomonic) - Atrophy of thymus, spleen, bursa (secondary infection) - Haemorrhages under skin Diagnosis: - Lesions, pathology - Serology - PCR |
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Chick Anaemia Virus: - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Treatment: - Nil Prevention: - Vaccination of breeders - Biosecurity/hygiene - Serological monitoring to make sure response to vaccine, good maternal Abs |
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What is the causative organism of Spotty Liver Syndrome? |
Unknown- possibly Campylobacter jejuni |
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Spotty Liver Syndrome: - CS? - Characteristics? - Route of infection? |
CS: - Fever - Decr egg production - Partial response to AB tx - ENLARGED SPOTTY LIVER (grey white lesions) on PM Characteristics: - Free range chicken flocks - Warm weather - Nutritional management stress Route of infection: - Unknown |
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Spotty Liver Syndrome: - PM findings? - Diagnosis? |
PM: - Enlarged spotty liver Diagnosis: - Lesions/pathology - Lack of microbiological evidence (DDx Pasteurella = Fowl Cholera) - Partial response to broad spectrum ABs |
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Spotty Liver Syndrome: - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Treatment: - CTC Prevention: - Gut health |
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What is the causative organism of Avian Encephalomyelitis? |
Picornavirus |
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Avian Encephalomyelitis: - CS? - Characteristics? - Route of infection? |
CS: - Depression - Neurological signs*: ataxia, tremor - Decr egg production & hatchability - Morbidity in susceptible flocks up to 60%, mortality elevated Characteristics: - Other bird species Route of infection: - Vertical, horizontal, fomites |
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Avian Encephalomyelitis: - Diagnosis? |
- CS (tremor, neurological) - Absence of gross pathology - Histopath - Virus isolation definitive |
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Avian Encephalomyelitis: - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Treatment: - None Prevention? - Vaccination before lay |
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Salmonellosis: - CS? - Characteristics? - Route of infection? |
CS: - Depression, huddling, eyes closed, ruffled feathers - Pasty vents Characteristics: - Young birds (<2wks) - Public health risk (eggs) Route of infection: - Vertical, horizontal, fomites |
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Salmonellosis: - Diagnosis? |
- CS (sick birds) - Gross pathology involving septicaemia - Distended caeca with necrotic cores - Polyserositis in broilers - Direct culture - Serology of flock |
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Salmonellosis: - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Treatment: - Must do sensitivities - ABs- amoxicillin, CTC, sulphonamides, fluoroquinolones, enrofloxacin Prevention: - Salmonella free flocks (monitoring) - Biosecurity, hygiene, rodent control |
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What is the most common causative agent of Botulism in poultry? |
Cl. botulinum type C |
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Botulism: - CS? - Characteristics? - Route of infection? |
CS: - Flaccid paralysis - Drop beak to hold head up - Recumbent, neck extended - Diarrhoea with excess urates - Death Characteristics: - GIT spread - Affected carcasses most likely source within a flock Route of infection: - Ingestion of preformed toxins or by in vivo production from infected wound or GI infection |
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Botulism: - PM findings? - Diagnosis? |
PM: - Nil Diagnosis: - CS - No organ lesions - Detection of toxins in serum (preferred), crop or intestinal washings |
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Botulism: - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Treatment? - Remove toxins from environment - ABs? (Bacitracin, CTC), unlikely to help down birds Prevention: - Prompt removal of dead chickens - Fly control - Cleaning & disinfection |
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What is the causative organism of West Nile Virus? |
Flaviviridae- arthropod borne |
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West Nile Virus: - CS? - Characteristics? - Route of infection?
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CS: - Death - Anorexia, weakness, depression, weight loss - Neurological signs (circling, abnormal head/neck posture, ataxia) Characteristics: - Mosquitoes & wild birds, wide host range (in mammals, humans & horses have clinical illness) - Avian primary hosts Route of infection: - Arthropod vector (mosquitoes) |
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West Nile Virus: - PM findings? - Diagnosis? |
PM: - Brain haemorrhage - Splenomegaly - Meningoencephalitis - Myocarditis Diagnosis: -Intracerebral inoculation of suckling mice - ELISA - Virus detection (PCR) |
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West Nile Virus: - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Treatment: - None Prevention: - Vaccination - Biosecurity - Hygiene - Vector control |
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What is the causative agent of Femoral Head Necrosis? |
Staphylococcus spp (also E. Coli, Streptococcus) |
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Femoral Head Necrosis: - CS? - Pathogenesis? |
CS: - Lameness, reluctance to move, support movement with wing - Dehydrated Pathogenesis: - Disease of meat chickens linked to mass amt of weight on skeletal system - Contaminated eggs- bacterial lodge in femoral head growth plate, then when weight increases, joint collapses - Bacterial entry also via skin wounds |
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Femoral Head Necrosis: - PM findings? - Diagnosis? |
PM findings: - Femoral head collapses when hip joint dislocated Diagnosis: - Gross pathology - Culture |
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Femoral Head Necrosis: - Treatment? |
None- cull |
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What is the scientific name for Chicken/Red Mite? |
Dermanyssus gallinae |
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Chicken (Red) Mite: - CS? - Characteristics? - Route of infection? |
CS: - Off lay - Anaemic Characteristics: - Nocturnal feeders (off bird during day) - Infest range of birds (including wild) - Warm weather = lifecycle completed in 1 week Route of infection: - Direct |
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Chicken (Red) Mite: - Diagnosis? |
Finding parasite on bird (check at night) |
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Chicken (Red) Mite: - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Treatment: - Malathion on birds & housing - Pyrethrins in empty shed - Fumigate/spray environment with high pressure Prevention: - Birds from mite free sources - Good sanitation practices can prevent build up of numbers - Mites can survive in empty poultry houses for 6m |
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What is the scientific name for Scaly Leg Mite? |
Knemidocoptes/Cnemidocoptes mutans |
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Scaly Leg Mite: - CS? - Route of infection? |
CS: - Unfeathered areas, usually legs but can be comb, wattles - Burrows into skin --> dermatitis - Leg scales become raised and disfigured - Off lay, weight loss Route of infection: - Direct
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Scaly Leg Mite: - Diagnosis? |
- Deformed leg scales (CS) - Isolation of mite from scrapings |
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Scaly Leg Mite: - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Treatment: - Ivermectin or moxidectin (oral, topical, not injectable) - Dunk legs in mineral oil several times over weeks - Softening agents for crusts Prevention: - Birds from mite free sources - Clean & disinfect |
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What is the scientific name for Stickfast Fleas? |
Echidnophaga gallinacea |
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Stickfast Fleas: - CS? - Characteristics? - Route of infection? |
CS: - Irritation & blood loss --> death in young birds Characteristics: - Adult females forcibly eject eggs so they reach surrounding litter - Larvae develop in sandy environment Route of infection: - Direct |
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Stickfast Fleas: - Diagnosis? |
Find fleas |
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Stickfast Fleas: - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Treatment: - Maldison solution or carbaryl dust - Baby oil, olive oil, petroleum jelly Prevention: - Treat environment (life cycle takes 5 weeks, cocoons under soil) |
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What is the scientific name for poultry lice? |
Mallophaga or Menacanthus stramineus (chickens & turkeys) |
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Lice: - CS? - Characteristics? - Route of infection? |
CS: - Drop in egg production - Reduced cockerel fertility, reduced growth rates - Skin irritation --> secondary bacterial infection - Can be fatal Characteristics: - Feed on skin, feathers - Only survive for up to a wk on hosts - Mammals can harbour but won't reproduce Route of infection: - Direct |
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Lice: - Diagnosis? - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Diagnosis: - Examination of bird around vent & under wings Treatment: - Spraying or dusting with pyrethroids, carbaryl, coumaphos & malathion (usually) - Treat environment Prevention: - Biosecurity |
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What is the most common nematode in chickens? Briefly explain how chickens become infected |
Ascaridia galli Eggs in droppings infective in 10-12d, ingested --> hatch in proventriculus. Larvae free in lumen of duodenum for 9d, then penetrate mucosa --> haemorrhages, return to lumen by 17-18d reach maturity at 28-30d |
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What is the worm that inhabits the trachea & lungs of poultry? |
Syngamus trachea |
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What is the poultry tick? |
Argas persicus |
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Poultry Ticks: - CS? - Characteristics? |
CS: - Secondary tick fever - Anaemia, weight loss, depression, egg drop, agitated birds Characteristics: - Active during warm dry weather - Larvae remain attached for 2-7d (can be found on birds) - Nymphs & adults feed at night for 15-30min - Females lay 50-100 eggs after feeding - Adult females may live for >4y without a blood meal |
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Poultry Ticks: - Diagnosis? - Treatment? |
Diagnosis: - Evidence of tick + tick fever Treatment: - Clean poultry houses - Walls, ceilings, cracks, crevices = high pressure sprayer with carbaryl, coumaphos or malathion |
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What is the causal agent of Tick Fever? |
Borrelia anserina (in Argas persicus tick) |
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Tick fever: - CS? - Characteristics? |
CS: - Enlargement & mottling of spleen - Listlessness, depression - Shivering - Paralysis - Increased thirst - Anaemia - Egg drop Characteristics: - Transmitted by Argas tick (other vectors also) - Incubation period 3-12d
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Tick Fever: - Diagnosis? - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Diagnosis: - Clinical picture - Blood smears/stains - Serology Treatment: - Penicillin AB of choice (tylosin & CTC also effective) Prevention: - Vaccination - Tick control measures |
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What is the causative agent of Blackhead in chickens? |
Histomonas meleagridis |
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Histomonas Meleagridis: - CS? - Characteristics? - Route of infection? |
CS: - Sulphur yellow D+ - Cyanotic head - Blood in faeces (rule out coccidiosis) Characteristics: - Protozoan affecting meat birds - Free range or backyard Route of infection: - Ingested via eggs of Heterakis gallinae or in earthworms or fresh contaminated faeces - Incubation period 15-20d |
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Histomonas Meleagridis: - PM findings? - Diagnosis? |
PM: - Enlarged caeca, caseous caecal cores - Irregular round liver lesions Diagnosis: - CS, pathology - Parasite isolation |
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Histomonas Melagridis: - Treatment? - Prevention? |
Treatment: - Nitarsone - Hygiene Prevention: - Hygiene - Biosecurity (concrete floors help) - Regular worming |
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What is the common causative agent of Bumble Foot? How does infection occur? How is it treated? |
S. Aureus. Entry via a wound from environment Treatment: cleaning, debriding, flushing, ABs, environment |
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What PM changes would you see with Candidiasis? |
Thickening & white plaques on mucosa of crop & proventriculus, intestine, cloaca & gizzard erosions. Often associated with crop stasis |
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What is the causative agent of Candidiasis? How is it treated? How is it prevented? |
Candida albicans Treatment: - Nystatin for 7d - Copper sulphate in feed for 5d or water for 3d Prevention: - Chlorination of drinking water - Avoid excessive use of antibiotics, and stress |
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A hen is sitting on the ground with feathers ruffled, and she appears to be straining with her tail "pumping" up and down. What is likely cause? How would you treat this? |
Egg bound Treatment: - Heat therapy - Injection of Ca gluconate - TLC - Lubricate vent with petroleum jelly |
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What is a common complication from being egg bound? |
Rupture of egg --> peritonitis |
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What are some factors that can cause non-laying in hens? |
- Time of year (shortening day length) - Age (older) - Nutrition - Environment - Moulting - Broody - Disease - Things that upset them |
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What nutritional requirements are needed for a hen to lay an egg (energy, crude protein, Ca, P) |
- Energy: 300kCal - Crude protein: 20g - Ca: 4g (+2g per shell) - P: 2g |
