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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the detriments of early castration in ruminants?
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Decreased urethra size
Increased stone formation |
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What are the two narrowing points of the male ruminant urethra?
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Sigmoid flexure and urethral process
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What kidney is palpable in ruminants?
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Left kidney, more motile in cows
Can't palpate in SR (Lefty-Loosey) |
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What is Azotemia?
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The accumulation of urea and creatinine in the blood due to pre-renal, renal, or post-renal causes
(Pre-uremia) |
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What is Uremia?
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A clinical syndrome consisting of depression, anorexia, and other signs resulting from severe azotemia
Leads to uremic calculi and ulcers |
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What does a stable foam in the urine of a ruminant symbolize?
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Excess protein-->Amyloid
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Where can you palpate the ureters in SR, and what might you find?
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Over the ischial arch, may find a pulsating ureter if blocked
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What sedative should you avoid in blocked SR? What are good alternatives?
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AVOID XYLAZINE! (Diuretic)
Use Diazepam or ACE |
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What are the three ketones excreted in urine? Which one is 1st to increase in ketotic cows? Which one is measured by dipstick?
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beta-hydroxybutyrate (1st to increase in cows)
Acetone Acetoacetate (measured by dipstick) |
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What might an increased urobilinogen on dipstick indicate?
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Hemolytic disease
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What is the normal USG in ruminants?
What is Isosthenuric? What is Hyposthenuric? |
Normal: 1020-1050
Isosthenuric: 1010-1020 Hyposthenuric: <1010 |
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What kind of urine sample might you want to collect if concerned about pyelonephritis?
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Catheterized sample- want a bacterial culture
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What does a Hyaline cast mean?
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Whole nephron with protein-- Pyelonephritis/CRF
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What does an RBC cast mean?
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Glomerulonephritis
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What does a leukocyte cast mean?
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Interstitial nephritis, Inflammation
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What does a granular cast mean?
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Advanced renal failure
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Where would you take a renal biopsy in a ruminant?
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percutaneously, 6" Tru-cut biopsy needle through right dorsal flank
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What is the process causing pre-renal azotemia?
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Decreased renal perfusion (due to dehydration-->hypovolemia) leads to decreased GFR, leading to increased waste in systemic circulation
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When can pre-renal azotemia lead to acute renal failure?
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In severe cases with ischemic disease (colitis horses, blocked goats)
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What causes a renal azotemia?
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Renal tissue dysfunction leading to impaired excretion of urea, creatinine, and potassium
toxic Inflammatory infectious |
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What are some toxic causes of renal azotemia?
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Aminoglycosides (gentacin, amikacin) (NEPHRON)
Tetracyclines (glomeruli) Banamine (Glomeruli) |
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What are inflammatory causes of renal azotemia>
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Pyelonephritis
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What is the pathophys of post-renal azotemia?
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Obstruction to urinary excretion causes a back up of urine, leading to hydronephrosis, which increases pressure in the kidney leading to renal damage (within 3-4 days)
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What are some clin path findings of azotemia?
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USG >1020 in face of dehydration
Creatinine increases Include PCV, TP, USG and clinical findings |
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How do you differentiate between pre-renal and renal azotemia?
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Response to treatment: there should be a quick decrease in creatinine with treatment (pre-renal)
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What should be noted when interpreting creatinine?
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High creatinine doesn't always equal renal disease. If the animal is very muscular, there may be a high creatinine with normal kidneys
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What are clinical findings of acute renal failure?
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normal to decreased urine output
depression signs of primary disease |
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What are some causes of acute renal failure?
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Banamine toxicity (ulcers and RF due to decreased GFR)
Oxytetracycline (Liquamycin) |
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What are some lab findings of acute renal failure?
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Moderate to severe Azotemia
USG <1020 UA: RBC/WBC, proteinuria, myoglobinuria, casts |
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What are some electrolyte changes associated with acute renal failure?
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Hyponatremia: urinary loss
Hypokalemia: anorexia, may see an increase with obstruction Hypochloremia: urine loss, GI sequestration Paradoxic aciduria with metabolic alkalosis Hypocalcemia/hypophosphatemia |
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What are some post-renal azotemia lab findings?
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BUN/CREA: norm to mild increase in acute disease
Mod-severe in ruptures UA: may see increased crystals in sediment Occult hematuria/proteinuria Hyperkalemia: increases to point of death |
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How do you diagnose tubular necrosis?
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UA/Chem/PE
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How do you treat tubular necrosis?
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IV/Oral fluids
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What are some causes of tubular necrosis?
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Oxalates: Beets, pigweed, oak, lilly
Aminoglycosides Hg, As, Pb, Zn, Cu (heavy metal toxicity) Vitamin D, Mycotoxins, Ethylene glycol |
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What are some causes of bacterial cystitis/pyelonephritis?
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Ascending infection
1. Corynebacterium renale (G+) 2. A. pyogenes 3. E.Coli (HUS-ETEC: OH157) |
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What are some risk factors for bacterial cystitis/pyelonephritis?
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Urine stasis/pooling
Dystocia Retained [placenta Metritis Urine splashing (C. renale) |
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What are some clinical signs of cystitis/pyelonephritis?
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Swollen, large, painful kidney
Stranguria Hematuria |
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How do you treat bacterial cystitis/pyelonephritis?
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Fluids
Penicillin (good renal excretion) Naxcel (Ceftiofur) Nephrotomy if extreme |
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What are some causes of hematuria in Dairy cattle?
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Pyelonephritis
Hemolytic disease (urinary calculi, Urolithiasis, MCF) |
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What is Ulcerative posthitis/vulvovaginitis?
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"Pizzle rot"
An ulcerative infection of mucus membranes and skin of the prepuce/vulvar region due to Corynebacterium renale infections in response to high urinary urea concentrations |
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What predisposes an animal to ulcerative posthitis/vulvitis?
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High dietary protein (Meat Goats)
Management factors (lives in wool and scabs) Contagious |
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How do you treat ulcerative posthitis/vulvitis?
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Clip hair
Apply topical agents Systemic penicillin/tetracyclines May need to debride area |
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What causes glomerulonephritis in ruminants?
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Uncommon
Likely due to type III hypersensitivity in response to bacterial/viral infection Caused by BVDV/pregnancy toxemia |
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What are clinical signs and diagnostics of glomerulonephritis?
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Signs: Anorexia, decreased milk production, QAR
Diagnosis: Persistent proteinuria, azotemia, low serum albumin, requires biopsy/necropsy |
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What are the top 3 Type III hypersensitivities seem in lactating cattle?
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1. Peritonitis
2. Pneumonia 3. Mastitis |
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What is the pathophys of amyloidosis?
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Perivascular deposition of amyloid in the kidney/other tissues leads to a disrupted blood supply and organ dysfunction.
Chronic antigenic stimulus causing a type 3 hypersensitivity |
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How do you diagnose amyloidosis?
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Stable foam in discharged urine
Biopsy differs it from glomerulonephritis-- CONGO RED stain |
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What strains of Lepto are renal infections in cattle associated with?
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L. interrogans hardjo (host-adapted)
L. pomona L. grippothyphosa |
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How do you diagnose and treat lepto infections in cattle?
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Dark field microscopy to diagnose
Oxytetracycline to treat |
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What is Enzootic hematuria?
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Chronic or intermittent hematuria in cattle/sheep due to chronic ingestion of bracken fern (Ptaquiloside toxin)
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What is the course of disease of enzootic hematuria?
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Disease doesn't appear until >1y after consumption
Initially hemorrhagic cystitis Eventually bladder neoplasia which involves infection with bovine papillomavirus type 2 |
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What are the different types of crystals SR can get?
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Struvite/Phosphate: feedlot animals (high protein)
Calcium carbonate: Blackberry/clover Silicate: sandy areas |
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What are some clinical signs of obstructive urolithiasis?
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Abdominal distension
Pulsating urethra flagging vocalization |
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What is the first step in treatment of obstructive urolithiasis?
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Stabilize the patient!
Pain management/sedation Metabolic/hemodynamic stabilization Prevent rupture (cystocentesis/drainage) Relief of obstruction |
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What are the two critical problems that can arise with obstructive urolithiasis? How to treat?
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1. Shock: Norm R at 90 mL/kg bolus or saline 7.2% at 4 mL/kg bolus
2. Hyperkalemia: Insulin, dextrose, bicarb (NO DIURETIC!) |
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How do you treat a slaughter animal for obstructive urolithiasis?
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1. Give oral fluids
2. Incise SQ if urethral rupture 3. Drain abdomen if uroperitoneum |
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How do you treat a feedlot/ low value animal for obstructive urolithiasis?
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1. Amputate the urethral process
2. Perineal urethrostomy |
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How do you treat a pet/valuable animal for obstructive urolithiasis?
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1. Amputate the urethral process
2. Tube cystotomy 3. Bladder marsupialization |
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What are the benefits/drawbacks of perineal urethrostomy?
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Salvage procedure (do it subischial)
Cons: low survival rate, high reoccurence |
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How do you perform a tube cystotomy?
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Must be left in at least 7 days to rest urethra to pass stones
Anti-inflammatories: Banamine, Aspirin Fluids/urine acidification: Ammonium chloride |
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What is Walpole's solution?
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Distilled water with sodium acetate/ glacial acetic acid (pH=4.5)
Dissolves calculi, but causes HUGE reactions/cystitis |
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How do you prevent calcium carbonate stones from forming?
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Decrease Ca (NO alfalfa)
Acidify urine (5-10g Ammonium chloride/day) |
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How do you prevent Phosphate/struvite calculi from forming?
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Improve Ca:P ratio to 2:1
Avoid pelleted feed, increase forage Add NaCl @ 3-5% of daily diet Add NH4Cl at 0.5-1.0% ratio Increase water intake |
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How do you prevent silica stones from forming?
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Add 15% NaCl to creep feed
Add Ammonium Cl to 1% ratio Consider range grass |
