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260 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
schizophrenia and culture
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Mexican Americans in families with low warmth have an increased risk for relapse with schizophrenia
AngloAmericans from families with high criticism have an increased reisk of relapse with schizophrenia |
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behavioral marital therapy uses what theories
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operant, social and social exchange theory
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primary goals of behavioral marital therapy
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alter behavior exchanges
increase communication improve problem solving |
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Minuchin
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structural family therapy
boundaries are a key target overly rigid or too diffuse, then there is a problem goal: clear boundaries |
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Bowenian family therapy
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term differentiation
goal of therapy to increase differentiation of self and decrease anxiety |
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Lockean tradition, Western, individual psychology
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ex. Freud, Jung, Adler, Rogers
-emphasizes linear cause-effect -value free science -deterministic -reductionist -individualistic -absolutist |
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non-Western & systems approaches
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relativism, collectiveness
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transcortical aphasia
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affects major speech areas in the left (Dominant)hemisphere when this area becomes blood deprived and isolated from other areas of the brain
-can't verbally describe what he sees/wants -deficits in language comprehension -may be able to repeat what others say, but can't initiate |
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transcortical motor aphasia
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can understand but has trouble speaking
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transcortical sensory aphasia
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problem with comprehension only
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beta blocker uses
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Inderal (propranolol) decrease anxieties physical sxs.
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beta blocker side effects
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-bracycardia
-depression -insomnia -fatigue -vomiting -nausea -dizzy |
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moderate to severe head injury
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-both retrograde and anterograde amnesia
-remote memories return first |
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solitary-non-social play
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-not a sign of less maturity
-goal oriented -educational -lead to a sense of increased competence |
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aggressive kids
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-focus on cues at the end of a social interaction
-interpret peer behavior as aggressive, expecially if its ambiguous -have access to fewer responses that are more aggressive and less prosocial -can believe aggressive behavior will have positive outcomes |
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Comparision of Freud and Erickson
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Oral birth to 18 mths
trust vs. mistrust Anal 18 to 3 years autonomy vs. shame Phallic 3-6 initiative vs. guilt Latency 6-puberty industry vs. inferiority |
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job analysis
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process of defining a job in terms of its component tasks or duties and the knowledge or skills required to perform them
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job evaluation
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an outcome of job analysis. a technigue that attempts to determine the value or worth of particular jobs to organizations so that salaries can be set accordingly.
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needs analysis
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identifying training needs to determine training program content.
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leniency bias
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Likert scales are most susceptible to this. occurs when a rater rates a behavior highly regardless of the subjects performance.
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forced choice scale
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eliminates leniency bias b/c the items have been identified as being of equal social desirability in dyads or triads and requires the rater to pick the item that best describes the ratee.
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BARS
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a type of rating scale that was developed to increase rater reliability, but has not proven to do so
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BIB
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bibliographic information blank--is not a rating scale
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Fiedler's Contingency Theory of leader effectiveness
LPC scale |
effective leadership is a joint function of the characteristics of the leader and features of the situation.
believed leaders cannot change their leadership style LPC scale=least preferred co-worker scale High LPC= person oriented Low LPC=task oriented Hi LPC leaders most effective in moderately favorable situations LO LPC most effective in highly favorable or unfavorable situation |
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The Premack Principle
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type of positive reinforcement in which the reinforcer is a frequently occurring behavior. ex. kid watches tv after cleaning up his room. watching tv is a frequently occurring behavior used as a reinforcer to clean up the room
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serial position effect
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people who are asked to recall a list of words immediately after remembering them tend to recall the words at the beginning and the end of the list better than those in the middle.. words at the beginning have been transfered to long term memory and those at the end have been stored in short term memory.
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multi-store memory storage
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includes 3 distinct memory systems: sensory register, short-term memory and long term memory
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referent power
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an individual's desire to identify with or be like the influential person
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reward power
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person controls the desirable rewards
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expert power
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person has superior knowledge or expertise
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legitimate power
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person has authority, status, or social position
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fundamental attribution bias
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when an observer makes an attribution about the behavior of another person
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in groups:
1. individuation 2. social trap 3. group polarization 4. group contagion |
1. occurs when person feels anonymous as a group member
2. a conflict occurs when behavior has positive short-term consequences with negative long-term consequences 3. tendency of people to make more extreme decision when actin as members of a group than they would have made as individuals 4. transmission of emotion through a crowd or group. |
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IQ score coefficients
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the more genetically similar people are the higher their IQ score coefficient will be
-children and adolescents: 50% of IQ score variability is genetic -adults: 70-80% of IQ score variability is genetic |
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IQ score correlations:
1.for identical twins reared together 2. identical twins reared apart 3.biological siblings reared together 4. unrelated individuals reared together |
1. .85
2. .70 3. .48 4. .18 |
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WAIS-III performance
1.Verbal IQ 2.Performance IQ 3.Verbal Comprehension 4.Working Memory 5.Perceptual Organization 6.Processing Speed 7.Letter-number sequencing |
1. relatively stable until 70-80, the slight decline
2. begins decline at 20 3-6. most stable over lifespan 7.similar to PErformance IQ, declines at 20 Younger people show a greater increase in score on retesting |
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hypnosis and false memories
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hypnosis tends to elicit false memories
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in the case of a court ordered evaluation
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1. its not necessary to obtain informed consent
2. subject should be told about the purpose of the evaulation 3.if the subject doesn't want to be evaluated, person's attorney should be consulted |
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standard error of the mean
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is the standrad deviation of the sampling distribution of means and serves as an index of sampling error.
standard error increases as the numerator increases or the denominator decreases |
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research study design
1. counterbalanced 2. mixed 3. natural groups 4. between groups |
1.presenting the different levels of the IV to different subjects or groups in different orders
2. where 1 variable is a between groups variable and the other is a within subjects variable 3. describes a study in which the IV is an organismic variable (IQ) 4. comparisons of different levels of the IV are made between different groups |
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statistics for making comparisions between studies
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effect size most effective
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p-value
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level of significance, probablity that the null hypothesis is FALSE
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kappa coefficient
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used to evaluate inter-rater reliability
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effect size
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the index calcualted when conducting a meta-analysis. Converts data from different studies to a common metric so the results can be directly compared
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coefficient alpha
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used to assess internal consistency reliability
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to calculate a 68% confidence interval
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+/- 1 standard error of measurement
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Pearson r
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both variables are measured on a continous scale
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Biserial correlation coefficient
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one variable is an artificial dichotomy (a continuous variable that has been artifically or arbitrarily dichotomized) and the other variable is continuous
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Spearman rho
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used when both vairables are expressed in terms of ranks
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point serial correlation
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when one variable is a true dichotomy and the other is continuous
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World Health Organization studies on schizophrenia
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course and outcome differences between developing and industrialized countries. developing countries more likely to have acute onset, shorter clinical course, and complete remission
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greatest risk for suicide
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older, divorced, widowed men
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semantic memory
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memories of meaning and understanding and other factual knowledge/concepts
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episodic memory
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recollection of events, time, place and emotion
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Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
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greater loss for recent memories than remote memories
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Richard Stuart's operant-interpersonal approach to marital therapy
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involves subtefuge, manipulation and misinterpretation as examples of negative exchanges
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quid pro qua in marital therapy
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something for something exchange
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marital schism in marital therapy
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charaterized by disharmony, self-preoccupation, and freq. threats of divorce
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ulterior transactions in marital therapy
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in transactional analysis, involve more than 2 eo states and contain social and psychological components, some of which are communicated non-verbally
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transactions between people
1. complementary transactions 2. symmetrical transactions 3. parallel transactions |
1. between unequals
2. between equals 3. combo of complementary and symmetrical |
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if a stroke effects the right hemisphere (non-dominant) pt. more likely to exhibit
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unilateral (contralateral) neglect and involves the left side of the body
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conduction aphasia & ideomotor apraxia
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left hemisphere damage
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Gerstmann's syndrome
4 primary symptoms |
damage to left parietal lobe
dysgraphia dyscalcula finger agnosia left-right disorientation |
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damage to the hippocampus
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impacts memory most, memory consolidation, explicit memory and spatial memory
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damage to medial temporal area
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impacts:
1. autobiographical memory 2. semantic memoroy 3. spatial memory |
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damage to prefrontal cortex
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impacts short term memory
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in their 80s and 90s 3 Big 5 personality traits change
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agreeableness and acceptance increase, sociability decreases
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preoperational child
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unable to conserve due to cognitive limitations
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Piaget cognitive limitations of the preoperational child
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1. irreversibility: refers to the inability to undertand than an operation can be reversed
2.transductive reasoning: child's tendency to see a causal relationship in sequential events when none exist 3. centration-focusing on 1 aspect of a situation while ignorning others-primary reason why preoperational children can't conserve |
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Piaget & decentration
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energes in concrete operational stage and allows a child to conserve
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Stability of Big 5 personality traits
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longitudinal and cross sectional students suggest they are stable until late adulthood
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Holland's approach to career counselling of a highly differentiated person
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resembles 1 persoanlity type and no other. Also have more accurate predictions of personality-occupational match
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Donald Super and Career Maturity
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-stage theory w/ 5 stages:exploration,establishment, maintenance and disengagement
-refers to the individual's mastery of tasks at each developmental stage |
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Thorndike and Woodworth
I/O identical elements |
transfer of training is maximized when there are identical elements in the learning and performance settings
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poor metacognitive skills (knowing about knowing)
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an inability to monitor one's own cognitive processes
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1. personalization
2. arbitrary inference 3. selective abstraction 4. dichotomous thinking |
all terms of cognitive distortions-BECK
1.when a person attributes external events to self w/o evidence supporting such a causal connection 2. drawing a specific conclusion w/o supporting evidence or in the face of contradictory evidence 3. a person inteprets a situation on the basis of a single detail taken out of context 4. categorizing an experience in terms of 1 of 2 extremes (black and white thinking) |
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Moscovi and social influence/conformity
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-proposed that to be influential, a minority must become visible to other grop members and create tension or conflict that causees members of the majority to reconsider their position
-a minority that sticks to his position is most successful in swaying the opinion of the majority |
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research on crowding in lab studies of dorm living
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is inconsistent. women show more distress in crowded dorm rooms than men. women increase their interactions where men simply leave the situation
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impact of sexually explicit movies on men
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-rate their own partners as less attractive
-more likely to rape if they could get away with it -recommend more lenient prison sentences for a convicted rapist -more likely to view a woman's friendliness as sexual |
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Raven Colored Progressive Matrices
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a 36 item test of intelligence that uses figural test stimuli presented in a 6-option MC format.
nonverbal test. appropriate for non-English speaking children and for kids with speech impediments |
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Name the BIG 5 personality traits-atheoretical
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consientiusness extroversion/introversion
openness to experience emotional stability agreeableness -derived by factor analysis and the lexical approach |
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protocol analysis
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have a person think aloud while problem solving, record the words, and analyze the trancript of the recording
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trend analysis
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analysis of the variance that is used when the IV is quantitative, helps identify patterns/trends
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test/retest reliability
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if a test is supposed to measure stable traits, then you would want to make sure the scores were stable over time.
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eigenvalue
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-indicates the total amount of variability in a set of tests or other variables that is explained by an identified component or factor
-is calculated for each component extracted in a principal component analysis (factor analysis) |
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early signs of AIDS dementia complex
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lapses in concentration
forgetfulness dificulty walking social withdrawl |
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Huntington's Disease dementia
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irritability
fidgeting disorganized speech lack of initiative |
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease dementia
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fatigue
anxiety concentration problems sleep disturbances |
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Pick's Disease dementia
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distractibility
behavioral disinhibition reduced speech production neglect of personal hygiene |
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adolescent suicide attempts
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girls attempt more; boys complete more
increases with age ass w/ poor social skills, poor school achievement (but not low IQ), parental separation/divorce |
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Prognosis for schizophrenia ass/w
Best prognosis sxs.? Worst prognosis scs.? |
-gender, age, type of onset, predominant sxs. presence of precipitating event, family hx.
-females, later age of onset, +positive sxs. which respond to medication better -male, early onset, -sxs. |
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positive sxs. of schizophreneia?
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delusions
hallucinations disorganized speech disorganized behavior catatonic behavior |
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negative sxs. of schizophreneia?
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-affective flattening
-alogia (poverty of speech) -avolition (inability to iniate or persist with tasks) |
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motivational interviewing
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Miller and Rollinick
an approach designed to help clients build commitment and readines to change. based on teh assumption that interventions are most effective when they are match to the individual's level of readiness |
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repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse vs. continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse and pathology in both groups
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repressed memory women scored higher on dissociation, sxs. of depression and PTSD than those with continuous memories
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Focus of Gestalt therapy
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contact (here and now), conscious awareness (focused attention when required), and experimentation (trying something new to increase understanding).
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ADHD linked with
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frontal lobe activity and dopamine depletion
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Prospective memory (ability to remember to perform an intended action at a particular point of time in the future)
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linked to prefrontal lobe and executive functioning
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Damage to the right hemisphere of the brain results in:
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indifference, apathy, denial of one's disabilities, verbal disihibition (joke in sarcastic or childish manner about one's disabilities)
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Damage to left frontal lobe
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depressed mood
mood fluctuations,anxiety, irritability |
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bilateral hemispheric lesions
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pathological laughing and crying
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attachment theory
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internal working models (general rules about self and others in intimate relationships) develop in early childhood
involves transference with therapist positive transference=secure attachments negative transference=insecure attachments |
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impact of early temperment on adjustment at 21
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temperment at age 3 predicts behavior at 21 for children classified as undercontrolled, inhibited (slow to warm up), or well-adjusted
inhibited children were most likely to report depression and low levels of social support at 21 |
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management philosophy
1.transactional leaders 2.transformational leaders |
1. employee behaviors are goal directed and they will act rationally
use contingent rewards as motivators laissez-faire leadership 2. employees will function best if treated individually and given personal attention. |
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equity theory and employee motivation
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proposes that a worker compares his input/outcoem ratio to the ratio of another worker performing the same or similar job. When rations seem equal the worker is motivated to continue peforming at the same level. Unequal ratios have an effect on motivation, performance and other job outcomes.
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Beck's constructs
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voluntary thoughts
automatic thoughts cognitive schemas cognitive distortions |
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automatic thoughts
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spontaneously triggered by a specific circumstance and accompanied by an emotional reaction, less accessible, more stable
tx focuses on inaccurate automatic thoughts |
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cognitive distortions
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systematic errors in reasonnig that are evident during times of psychological distress
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cognitive therapy and
1.all or nothing thinking 2.overgeneralization 3.magnification 4.emotional reasoning |
1.evaulate performance or personal qualities in terms of black and white categories.
2.arbitrarily drawing the conclusion that a single negative event will happen over and over 3. a person sees something as being far more significant than it really is 4.I feel; therefore I am |
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court ordered evaluation and informed consent
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court ordered evaluations preclude the need for an informed consent, even if the person is a minor. However, the evaluee ALWAYS has the right to know the purpose and procedure of the evaluation
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managed care and legal liability
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best method is proper credentialing attesting to competent providers
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managed care and cost containment strategies
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capitation, utilization review, behavioral health carve outs
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Tic Disorder NOS
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dx. of a tic disorder after age 18
Atypical Tic Disoder does not exist! |
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4 Tic Disorders
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Chronic, Tourette's, Transient, and Tic Disorder NOW
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Schizophrenia predictors
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best predictor of the future is past performance
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Reactive Attachment Disorder dx.
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characterized by markedly disturbed and developmentally -inappropriate social relations in most context
-must include evidence of pathogenic care -sxs. begin before age 5 |
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Kernberg and object relations fundamental premise
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early social relations impact future social situations
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3 types of prevention:
1.primary 2.secondary 3.tertiary |
1.aimed at reducing development and incidence of mental disorders
2. target individuals who have begun to exhibit sxs. of a disorder 3. have a disorder and goal is to reduce the risk for chronicity and relapse and anxillary problems |
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Chodorow's object relations approach to feminist theory
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mother's react differently to female and male children which contributes to gender differences in social relatedness and personality
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Weber's Law
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the more intense the stimulus the greater the change in intensity that must occur for the person to perceive the change
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Steven's Law
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the psychological magnitude of a sensation is proportional to the power of the stimulus producing it.
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Most common Ritalin Side effects
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loss of appetite
abdominal pain insomnia tachycardia |
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Lithium side effects
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tremor
weight gain resltessness fatigue |
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benzodiazepine side effects in elderly
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unsteadiness
confusion wandering memory loss |
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side effects of analgesics and anti-inflammatory in elderly
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bizarre/hostile behavior
paranoia confusion |
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side effect neuroleptics of in elderly
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extrapyramidal sxs.
cardiovascular effects |
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Jerome Kagan and hi and lo reactive infants
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-heavily influenced by genetics
-early levels of reactivity are predictive of future behavior -15-20% of children born into secure homes have an inherited tendency to be highly reactive |
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Piaget and equilibration
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involves a combination of assimilation and accomodation and is motivated by a drive for balance or order
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Sadker and Sadker research on how teachers treat their students
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1. Boys call out answers more in class and are picked more by teachers than girls
2.Boys receive more positive AND negative attention from teachers 3.White and minority boys get more teacher attention than White and minority girls 4. girls are sexually harassed by their teachers more than boys |
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moderator variable linked to differential validty
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whenever a characteristic is acting as a moderator variable, this means that the validity coefficients forthe predictor and criterion are different for groups that differ in terms of that variable.
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Abraham Maslow and hierarchy of needs and self-actualization
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based on his clinical work with patients, students, and study of highly productive people. people have different needs.
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calibration (confidence calibration)
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cognition literature: the degree of similarity between a person's level of confidence about being successful on a task and the actual success or accuracy of the person on the task.
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means-end analysis
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problem-solving technique that involves identifying goals, the current situation, and what is needed to achieve the goals
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equilibration
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using assimilation and accomodation to gain understanding of new information or a new event
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resolution (confidence discrimination
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ability to discreminate between what one knows and doesn't know
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used in verbal learning tasks
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1. paried associate-respond to one member of a pair when presented with the other member
2. serial learning task-individual learns and recalls a list of words in a particular order |
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Abramson and hopelessness depresseion
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1. hopelessness is a cause, but NOT a sxs.of hopelessness depression
2. Attributions are contributors to depression to the degree that they foster feelings of hopelessness 3. hopelessness is a sufficient cause 4. 9 core sxs. of hopelessness depression -retarded initiation of voluntary responses -sad affect -suicidal behaviors -lack of energy -apathy -psychomotor retardation -sleep disturbance -difficulty in concerntration -mood-exacerbated negative cognitions |
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Tx for PTSD
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Foa et al.
prolonged exposure was more beneficial in terms of both PTSD sxs. and depression that stress inoculation training and the combined. All 3 are effective, but prolonged exposure is the best. |
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Autistic people and pragmatic (social) use of language (in higher functioning Autistic pts.)
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have problems with:
social use of language inability to understand humor, irony and implied meaning |
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Best medication for RAPID and effective tx. of tardive dyskensia?
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benzopiazepenes: diazepam and clonazepam
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another word for "traditional neuroleptic medication" in schizophrenia
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antipsychotic drugs.
Hallucinations improve with antipsychotic/neuroleptic drugs |
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elicited imitation tasks indicate that the ability to recall the past begins
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much in 6-12 mths of life!
by 24 mths children aer able to provide verbal evidence of long-term recall of earlier events |
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Patterson and his parent training program and aggressive children
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-freq. fail to connect their punishments to the child's behavior
-do not state clear rules -do not consistently punish rule violations |
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Assessing the perceptual abilities of a 3-4 mth old infant
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sucking
heart rate reaching head turning is for 5 y.o. and up! |
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Top 3 characteristics on which young children discriminate
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age, gender: before 1 y.o.
race: preschool age |
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multiple regression is ALWAYS use for
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PREDICTING! add and subtract variables to see their influence on the IV
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young, white, females and crisis hotlines
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most freq. callers
dominant population most likely to be depressed most freq. suicide attempts |
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Drug of choice to treat OCD?
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SSRI's
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Master's and Johnson
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sex therapy
most effective with premature ejaculation b/c of the "squeeze technique" for prolonging ejaculation |
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aphasia
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loss of language function due to brain impairment
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Wernicke's Aphasia
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fluent output
impaired repetition poor comprehension |
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Conduction Aphasia
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fluent output
impaired repetition intact comprehension |
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global aphasia
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nonfluent output
disturbed repetition abnormal comprehension |
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Broca's aphasia
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nonfluent output
poor repetition intact comprehension |
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ethics of working with a couple or family
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the couple or family is considered the cl. and takes precedence over individual need
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Kuder-Richardson statistical test high coefficient means
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the test is homogenouse
used to assess internal consistency reliability with dichtomous variables |
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team working on inter-dependent tasks
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Locke and Latham research, founders of goal-setting theory
optimal to set goals for group and individuals in the group |
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active ingredient of systematic desensitization
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extinction: the repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus without the the unconditioned stimulus
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characteristics of Alzheimer's Dementia
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illusions and hallucinations
depression and anxiety visuospatial impairments |
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Vascular Dementia
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dementia brought on by impaired blood flow
hemiparesis: paralysis of one side of the body hemiplegia: vertical portion of body is weak or paralyzed sensory loss visual field deficits dysphasia: partial or complete loss of ability to read, write, speak, understand |
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structural family therapy is concerned with?
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restructing the family homeostatis...which means introducing stress to unbalance the homeostatis...so boundaries can be realigned
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primary cause of mental retardation?
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50-75% due to genetic abnormalities, congenital infections, other prenatal factors
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Rorschach confabulation
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overgeneralizing 1 part of the inkblot to the entire inkblot. Suggests brain damage, mental retardation, or emotional disturbance
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release of records to 3rd parties for peer review
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in court ordered evaluations, inform the client, but don't need informed consent
in the case of an insurance company requesting for peer review, confidentiality is relaxed somewhat, you trust the insurance company will protect client's identity...and then only release what pertains to the peer review, not the entire record |
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testing without adequate training
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always refer to a trained professional...do not do the evals yourself
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declarative memory
2 types |
stores facts and events, subject to forgetting. People can discuss/declare these memories
type 1-episodic; memory of a specific moment in time and place type 2 semantic: Fact knowledge independent of time and place context |
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procedural memory
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how to do something, memory of skill set
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Alzheimer's have problems with ? memory
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declarative
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Depressed people have problems with ? memory?
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procedural
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children from divorced families vs. conflictual families
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post divorce children do BETTER than if they had stayed in a conflictual relationship
contact with non-custodial parents only good if there is cooperation and low conflict between parents |
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transformational leaders
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help employees put needs of organization first, over self-needs
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Career: Holland's 6 occupational themes
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job satisfaction, performance, etc. are directly related to the degree of congruence between the person's basic personalisty and the nature of the work environment
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Career: Super's theory emphasized
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role of self-concept in vocational development and choice
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Career: ERG theory emphazided
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theory of motivation tha posits 3 basic needs (existence, relatedness, and growth)
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Career: Roe's theory emphasized
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relationship between childhood experience and occupational choice
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McGuire and persuasive messages. When are we least likely to change our opinions?
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when the person had been previously exposed to the persuasive argument and refutations. Called this "inoculation" of information about a topic to resist persuasion
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You've been supeoned by an attorney and the client does NOT waive confidentiality
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have your attorney contact their attorney and try to work out a compromise
or attend the deposition and assert privilege |
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Flanagan's "critical incident" technigue
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have supervisors observe employees and identify specific behaviors associated with particularly effective and ineffective job performance.
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temporary side effect of Prozac (fluoxetine)
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temporary increase in anxiety and and sleep problems
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reducing prejudice in children
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have them work towards a common goal
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strategic family therapists will assign?
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strategies and homework assignments that will foster family members recognition of the conflict between family members
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side effect of ECT
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memory loss. less with unilateral, right hemisphere shock than bilateral shock
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Larry P vs. Riles case re: black children and IQ tests were ruled
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can't be used b/c the tests resulted in a disproportionate number of black children being placed in dead end (EMR) classes
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what is the most common diagnoses among elderly, psychiatric patients?
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Dementia by 50%
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Fear of death studies
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college students' fear of death linked to desire to help the elderly
moderately religious people fear death the most fear of death most associated with age, with middle aged being more fearful than young or elderly |
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work group demographics
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heterogeniety is prefered over homogeniety, but there is also a higher turnover in these work groups if there are clashes between members
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overjustification hypothesis of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards
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when an external award is given to a person performing an intrinsicaly rewarding activity, the person's intrinsic activity will decrease. Feminist Bem's research suggests that a woman, observing herself, would conclude that her behavior was driven by the external reward, not the intrinsic interest. A woman would devalue her intrinsic interest in the face of an external reward.
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infants exposed to cocaine in utero
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highly sensitive to environmental stimuli
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effects of overlearning
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good long term recall and resistance to extinction
good for short term and long term recall |
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BARS is an acronym for
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Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale
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with a BARS scale scale points are achored with:
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critical incidents. "anchor" and "critical incidents" can be used interchangeably
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Kohlberg's levels of moral development
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Preconventional:
-punishment and obedience -instrumental-relativist -kids 4-10 Conventional: moral judgement designed to make the person look good and avoid censure -good boy/nice girl -law and order -10-13 Postconventional: not reached by most adults -concern for social order -meeting criteria set by one's conscious -legalistic orientation -universal Ethical Principles |
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when managed care refuses to pay for services therapist knows are essential, what does therapist do?
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file an appeal with managed care entity
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Underlying premise of Ellis' RET therapy
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irrational thoughts and beliefs
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Underlying premise of Rogerian therapy
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incongruence between self and experience
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Underlying premise of Beck's therapy
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one's automatic thoughts
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Underlying premise of Perl's Gestalt therapy
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lack of awareness
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lithium is most effective with what type of Bipolar disease?
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classic bipolar
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most effective drug for rapid cycling and mania with anxiety/depression
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carbamazepine (Tegretol)
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rational decision making and Herbert Simon
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fails b/c employee takes first possible solution to a problem rather than searching further for an optimal solution
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Thomas and Chess goodness-of-fit model relates to?
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childrearing. adjustment in children is related to the degree of congruence between a child's basic temperment and his parents' caregiving
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what percentage of LD kids have an ADHD dx. as well?
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20-25%
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Can children be dx. with GAD?
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yes...kids with this often display perfectionism, filled with self-doubt, exhibit physical anxiety sxs. headache, stomach ache
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80% rule for minority employment
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when African American's are hired at a rate LESS than 80%, then they are likley being discriminated against.
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depressed children often present with?
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psychomotor agitation and somatic complaints and mood congruent hallucinations
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Thomas and Chess goodness-of-fit model relates to?
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childrearing. adjustment in children is related to the degree of congruence between a child's basic temperment and his parents' caregiving
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what percentage of LD kids have an ADHD dx. as well?
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20-25%
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Can children be dx. with GAD?
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yes...kids with this often display perfectionism, filled with self-doubt, exhibit physical anxiety sxs. headache, stomach ache
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80% rule for minority employment
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when African American's are hired at a rate LESS than 80%, then they are likley being discriminated against.
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depressed children often present with?
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psychomotor agitation and somatic complaints and mood congruent hallucinations
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depressed adolescents present with?
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antisocial behaviors, drug/alcohol abuse, aggressiveness, sulkiness, uncooperativeness, social withdrawal, school problems
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depressed elderly present with?
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concentration problems, apathy, inattentiveness
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Helm's White Identity Development Model
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Contact:
-oblivious of racism -don't understand racism -don't recognize their biases Disintegration: -conflict over unresolvable racial moral dilemmas -believe they are non-racist, but don't want daughter to marry a black man -not admitting oppression exists, yet witnesses oppression Reintegration: -resolves dissonance of previous stage by regressing to a superiority model, and ethnic groups are blamed for their own problems Pseudo-independence: -a more intellectual exercise -attempts to understand racial issues -based on people that are like themselves Immersion-emersion: -beginning to question what it means to be white -willingness to truly confront own biases -more active in combating racism Autonomy: -increased awareness of Whiteness -reduced feelings of guilt -renewed commitment to abandon White entitlement |
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Factors that put people over 60 at risk for delirium
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-advanced age
-medical illness/surgery -cardiotomy -burns -rapid withdrawal from ETOH |
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Jung and transference
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an aspect of projection by client to therapist
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medulla function
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breathing and heart rate, vital functions
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hippocampus function
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part of limbic system but more about memory than emotion
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reticular activating system function
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mediates attention, arousal, and sleep-wake cycles
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when wanting to determine the amount of content a person has learned what type scores are most useful?
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content or criterion referenced scores
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expectancy tables
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good when wanting to predict performance on another measure
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stanine scores
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are about comparing an individual to a norm-referenced group
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percentile ranks
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are also about comparing to a norm-referenced group
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hypnosis is more likely to produce
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more memories in general with increased false memories
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research by Levinson re: mid-life crisis
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age 40-45 often a shift in perspective from time from birth to time before death
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primary function of state licensing boards?
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establish minimum requirements of competence
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parametric and nonparametric tests assumptions about the population
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that the sample has been randomly selected
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therapist self-disclosure in group re: Yalom's belief
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advocates FOR self-disclosure, therapist acts as role model and facillitates interpersonal learning. must be well timed and thru a filter of responsibility
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incremental validity of a predictor is determined by several factors, including validity coefficient, selection ratio, and base rate. When does a predictor have greatest incremental validity?
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when the seletion ratio is low (lots of applicatns for a job) and the base rate is moderate (the current selection technique is moderately accurate
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participant modeling: Bandura
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is most effective when live modeling is coupled with guided participation
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Piaget preoperational stage
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-ages 2-7
-insight learning -finalism -centration: inability to hold 2 dimensions at the same time |
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covert sensitization
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a type of aversive conditioning in which the aversive stimulus is imagined. The goal is to DECREASE the behavior.
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the most troubling ethical issue for psychologists is
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confidentiality
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immersion phase of Cross's Racial Identity Model, what type therapist are folks most likely to want?
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a same race therapist
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what part of the brain anatomy has been linked most regularly in schizophrenia
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enlargement of the ventricles
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use of a collection agency to collect delinquent fees
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ethical if the cl. has been told this upfront, as a way of dealing with deliquent fees, or, informs cl. about this potential action BEFORE it is done
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ratio of autism in boys vs. girls
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4 times more likely
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in the case of a colleague acting unethically one can
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try to handle it informally...or file a report with the ethics committe. Cl. confidentiality must always be considered
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effect size and meta-analysis
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is a way to create a standardized mean difference between experimental and control groups. it gives the difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of standard deviation units.
involves subtracting the control group mean from the experimental group mean and dividing the result by the control grp. standard deviation or the poold within-group standard deviation. |
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which has the lowest reliability?
7-response mc 5-reponse mc true/false free recall |
test reliability is an index of the degree to which scores on the test are free from random error (chance factors) and indicative of examinee's true scores. The greater the probability that an examinee can answer an tiem correctly by guessing it, the lower the test's reliability
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primary gain is a goal of what DSM-IV dx.?
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conversion disorder: acheived thru the symbolic expression of an underlying conflict ina physical sxs. such as paralysis or blindness
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who seek therapy more often?
gays or heterosexuals? |
gays, men and women...over heterosexual men and women
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Herzberg's theory of job satisfaction and motivation
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job responsibility and job context factors increase motivation
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who have the highest rates of psychiatric admission?
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-never married men
-age 25-44 -whites |
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examples of norm referenced scores?
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t-score
percentile ranks grade-equivalent scores |
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criterion referenced score?
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pass/fail
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among adolescents, suicide is most associated with?
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affective disorders, conduct or antisocial disorder, substance abuse
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function of state licensing boards?
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set entry-level qualifications for licensure and monitoring the conduct of licensed psychologists.
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what neurotransmitter is abnormally high in schizophrenia?
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increased norepinephrine
high serotonin reduced GABA |
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ethics of sexual relationships with students/supervisees
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don't do when in a position of power
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is it ethical to see a pt. who is already seeing a psychiatrist?
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it is necessary to consider the tx. issues and potential cl.'s welfare. needs to be discussed with cl. and perhaps with other clinician
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advantage of clozapine
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more likely to alleviate depression and hostility
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disadvantage of clozapine
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can cause agranulocytosis
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the standard error of the mean, the standard error of measurement and the standard error of estimate are all estimates of how far a ______value deviates from a _________value?
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observed from a true value
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standard error of the mean
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an estimate ofh ow much an obtained sample mean can be expected to deviate from the pop. mean as a result of sampling error
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standard error of measurement
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used to estimate the range within which an examinee's true score is likely to fall given his obtained score
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standard error of estimate
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estimate the range within which an examinees actual criterion score is likely to fall given his predicted criterion score
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making fun of a tx. modality that one does not believe in and not teaching the material for the same reason is:
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unethical
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tactile agnosia is most likely due to damage in the
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parietal lobe, which is part of the somatosensory cortex
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tactile agnosia
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inability to recognize familiar objects by touch alone despite adequate sensation from the fingertips
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is sexual orientation of mothers important to their children's psychological development.
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NO! both hetero and lesbian woman, with or without partners, have comparable levels of self-esteem
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